Thursday, November 28, 2019

Age Difference In Society Social Work Essay Essay Example

Age Difference In Society Social Work Essay Essay Example Age Difference In Society Social Work Essay Essay Age Difference In Society Social Work Essay Essay Today s society is extremely witting of age difference. There are certain rights and limitations which determine what persons are allowed to make at different ages. For illustration, society defines the ages at which we can get down school, thrust, have sex, ballot, marry, purchase a house, retire, acquire a pension, travel by coach for free etc. Furthermore, we all have sentiments, based on the thought of age difference, about what behaviours are appropriate at certain ages. These are called age norms . They have a profound influence on our opinion and behavior. Society is continuously doing opinions or distinguishing about what is deemed appropriate behavior at a given age. Our mundane societal judgements are often age based, even if we consciously deny it ( J.Macnicol, 2006 pp.3 ) Age distinction is non needfully discriminatory in a negative sense. Differential intervention may be based on existent grounds of age-related differences which would warrant it for illustration, statute law to protect vulnerable kids. This research paper aims to look at what age favoritism is, what constitutes to age favoritism, the Torahs around age favoritism ( chiefly in the United Kingdom ) , Consequences for those affected by agism, how agism comes approximately and how it can be avoided. While some signifiers of favoritism such as racism and sexism have received widespread and in-depth attending, issues of age favoritism continue to have a comparatively low profile. ( Thompson, S. 2005 ) . Ageism is a term that is usually associated with older people nevertheless agism refers to unjust favoritism on the evidences of age so in rule agism can happen at any age ( Thompson, N. ( 2005 ) The demand to turn to age favoritism has been recognised for rather some clip and, in several states, policies to help older workers day of the month back to the 1920s and earlier. Legislation against age favoritism, nevertheless, is more recent and has been in operation longest in the United States ( US ) , where it was introduced some 30 old ages ago. It is interesting to observe that, while the job of age favoritism has been acknowledged for some clip, merely a few states have introduced statute law to forbid such behavior. Even in these states, the debut of this statute law came some old ages after the debut of statute law forbiding gender and race Introduction and drumhead findings vivii favoritism. This was the instance in the US, Australia and the Republic of Ireland. Discrimination in employment By far the largest figure of studies received concerned employment although they found grounds of favoritism in all these countries. They besides invited studies from older people of their daily experience of age favoritism. Peoples reported being: refused redundancy payments denied the same chances as younger people bullied by co-workers forced to retire before they were ready rejected for employment on the footing of their age compelled to take lower-paid, short-run, impermanent or voluntary occupations Discrimination in employment There are many studies of age favoritism in employment. This may be because there is frequently an expressed age saloon which is non the same in other countries wellness attention, for illustration where favoritism can be more elusive or concealed, and may travel unrecognized by its victims. Age favoritism can hold a really negative impact on mental wellness. Older people reported to Help the Aged cases of depression, defeat, experiencing devalued or rejected, lost assurance, belittling and humiliation, every bit good being excluded and exploited. You will be sing other facets of age favoritism subsequently in this acquisition object but next you can research what underlies negative favoritism the wider construct of agism. Direct and indirect favoritism You have looked at some staff attitudes and related behaviors. Like agism, age favoritism in wellness and societal attention can besides ensue from institutionalized policies and patterns. It may take direct or indirect signifiers ( Levenson, 2003 ; Roberts, Robinson and Seymour, 2002 ) . Direct age favoritism This occurs when people are treated otherwise or denied services because of their chronological age ( e.g. age-related standards for intensive attention beds ) . Indirect age favoritism This happens where a service or pattern has no expressed age prejudice, but there is still a disproportional impact on a peculiar age group who are thereby disadvantaged. ( e.g. hard physical entree to edifices, or clinics held in topographic points ill served by conveyance: factors which can adversely impact everyone, but peculiarly older people ) Age favoritism consequences from agism which is a signifier of bias. Age favoritism can be direct, which occurs when a individual is treated less favorably because of their age. But favoritism can besides happen indirectly, that is, when attention is offered in such a manner that older people are disadvantaged because they are disproportionately affected. Discrimination occurs at many degrees, from the system-wide ( see Box ) to the person. It is deserving emphasizing that favoritism is non needfully unjust, so, positive favoritism is a good established mechanism for turn toing inequalities in wellness. For illustration, people over 60 are entitled to free prescriptions and eyesight trials and the procedure of apportioning resources for wellness and societal attention is weighted by the proportion of older people resident in the local population. It is believed that with age comes wisdom, cognition and life experience. Bing a immature societal work pupil myself and holding personally faced age favoritism led me to derive an involvement and passion for this subject. Since get downing my societal work grade I have been funny as to whether my experiences were isolated or if this is an reoccurring and familiar issue with other immature societal workers and societal work. . When one thinks of favoritism within Social Work it is more frequently thought of the services users being the 1s discriminated against, but as the coevalss move on and there is more of an upspring of immature freshly qualified societal workers, one wonders what sort of inequalities do they face as opposed to the older societal worker? This survey forms the thesis portion of a BA in societal work being undertaken at UEL by the research worker named above. It aims to set up whether or non immature societal workers ( 18-25years ) face age favoritism and if so what may impute to this and what can be done to forestall them being discriminated against. The purpose is to inform the university pedagogues and professionals working in the societal work and wellness and societal attention country. What is a Social Worker? When finding the function of a 1 would sort them as being professionals that work with persons and households potentially seeking to better their lives. Some of this persons may be vulnerable and need aid or protection from things such as injury or maltreatment. This may be assisting to protect vulnerable people from injury or maltreatment or back uping people to populate independently. Social workers are trained and qualified with a Degree in Social Work, or a Diploma of Social Work ( which now no longer exists, holding been replaced by the grade ) . Social workers support people, act as advocators and direct people to the services they may necessitate. Social workers frequently work in multi-disciplinary squads alongside wellness and instruction professionals.A They have to be registered ( with the General Social Care Council ( England ) ; the Care Council for Wales ; the Northern Ireland Social Care Council or Scottish Social Services Council ) and adhere to a professional codification of pattern. Those societal workers who do non adhere to the codifications of pattern face a behavior hearing and could be struck off the registry and non allowed to pattern as a societal worker. This ensures that people utilizing societal work services or service users as they are besides known can hold faith in the professionals entrusted to work with them. Social workers work with a assortment of people including: vulnerable older people kids with disablements adolescents with mental wellness jobs immature wrongdoers grownups with larning disablements people with intoxicant or other dependences refugees and refuge searchers people who are socially excluded Social workers normally have a caseload a figure of instances of individuals/families who they work with at any one clip. Their work, entails visits to service users, appraisals, organizing bundles of support, doing recommendations or referrals to other services and bureaus, maintaining elaborate records and take parting in multi-disciplinary squad meetings. Valuess of a NQSW and more experience SW difference of values of School departer as opposed to one in the profession already. pupils which could hold earnestly impacted on my calling patterned advance. IThe justification to as to why I choose to look into age favoritism for immature societal workers Young societal workers that has faced age favoritism antecedently and I am interested to look into this subject farther as I want to cognize if this a familiar issue with other immature societal workers. What is Age Discrimination? What is Life Experience? Background Ageism and Age Discrimination 4.1 Ageism 4.1.1 Ageism is chiefly an attitude of head which may take to age favoritism. Age favoritism, on the other manus, is a behavioral procedure with results that may be measured, assessed and compared. 4.1.2 aˆÂ ¦ageism is used to depict stereotypes and biass held about older people on the evidences of their age. Age favoritism is used to depict behavior where older people are treated unevenly ( straight or indirectly ) on evidences of their age. ( Ray, Sharp and Abrams, 2006 ) 4.1.3 The first recorded usage of the term agism was in an article in 1969 by Robert Butler. ( Butler, 1969 ) 4.1.4 Ageism is a set of beliefs aˆÂ ¦ associating to the ageing procedure. Ageism generates and reinforces a fright and belittling of the ageing procedure, and pigeonholing givens sing competency and the demand for protection. In peculiar, agism legitimates the usage of chronological age to tag out categories of people who are consistently denied resources and chances that others enjoy, and who suffer the effects of such belittling, runing from wellaˆ?meaning backing to unambiguous smear . ( Bytheway, 1995 aˆ? citing Bytheway and Johnson, 1990 ) 4.1.5 Some authors consider age favoritism to be a aspect of agism itself. ( Ray, Sharp and Abrams, 2006 ) Ageism may be seen as holding an affectional constituent ( feelings ) , a cognitive constituent ( beliefs and stereotypes ) and a behavioral constituent ( favoritism ) . ( Nelson, 2002 ; Palmore, Branch and Harris, 2005 ) Ageism may be positive or negative. ( Reed et Al, 2006 ) 4.1.6 Ageism is broader than age favoritism. It refers to deeply frozen negative beliefs about older people and the ripening procedure, which may so give rise to age favoritism. ( McGlone and Fitzgerald, 2005 ) 4.1.7 Ageism may besides be used to mention to any determination devising on the footing of age. Tsuchya, analyzing public attitudes to favoritism on the footing of age in wellness service determination devising, identifies Ageism, as an attitude of head, can be measured utilizing psychometric trials, most notably the Aging Semantic Differential ( Rosencranz and McNevin, 1969 ) and the Fraboni Scale of Ageism ( Fraboni, Saltstone and Hughes, 1990 ) . Measures of this type by and large find that agism gets less as people get older and that work forces are more ageist than adult females. ( Rupp, Vodanovich and Crede , 2005 ) Ageism is a signifier of oppressiom which consequences from persons being discriminated against strictly on the evidences of their age. 4.2 Age Discrimination 4.2.1 Age favoritism is an indefensible difference in intervention based entirely on age. The significance of age is by and large understood although, within statute law, different age scopes may use in different legal powers. 4.2.2 In definitions of favoritism within statute law, a figure of states distinguish direct and indirect favoritism 4.2.2.1 Direct age favoritism occurs when a direct difference in intervention based on age can non be justified. A direct difference in intervention is a state of affairs in which a individual is, was or could be treated in a less favorable mode than another individual in a comparable state of affairs based on his/her age. 4.2.2.2 Indirect favoritism occurs when a apparently impersonal proviso, step or pattern has harmful reverberations on a individual. ( Belgium aˆ? Discrimination Act of February 25, 2003 ; Ireland aˆ? Equal Status Act 2000aˆ?2004 ) It besides shows how this signifier of favoritism goes mostly unnoticed and has become part of the wallpaper , even to the extent that those who are discriminated against are either unaware of the favoritism, or recognize it but experience themselves undeserving of anything better. The capableness attack ( Sen 1985 ; Sen 1993 ; Sen 1999 ) , focuses on guaranting that people have the same substantial freedoms, that is, the capableness to accomplish the same results should they take to make so. In this manner, equality of capableness requires history and compensation for all factors on the above list, apart from penchants and attempt. In side6 stepping many of the jobs and issues with the equality rules summarised above, the capableness attack has gained important policy entreaty ( Burchardt, 2006 ) . Methodology Data Collection: Limitations- the research worker Datas Analysis: Self-administered in-depth questionnaire were the chosen method for the aggregation of informations as opposed to an in-depth interview. This was partially due to the fact that it was ; a ) cheaper to administrate travel costs b ) It was less clip devouring as it was quicker to administrate. Fought against geographically issues- convenience for both the research worker and the participant can reply when they want, and at the yesteryear that they want. By utilizing a qualitative attack to the research one aimed to garner a greater apprehension of age favoritism for younger Social Workers and supply significances as to what it is, why it may happen and the future effects. One will seek to non generalize the replies provided within my analysis It was felt that a aggregation of primary informations via questionnaires was best suited for the research as it Describe and warrant my research methods- brand mention to literature in the field where possible Describe how and when research was carried out Describe the context and topics of the research Describe how information was organised and analysed Discuss any methodological ( practical issues ) issues I developed my subject around immature Social Workers into a research inquiry I used: It will necessitate a batch of cross-referencing and categorising ( Miles and Huberman -121 ) self-completion questionnaires aimed to acquire in-deptwith closed to acquire a better penetration replies started single sentiments allowed me to analyze whether at that place running subjects more dependable if people added their ain sentiments. unfastened inquiries the ground I used self-completion questionnaire over structured interview first manus informations analysis web log forum sample size pupils /professionals Purposeful sampling of the participants was used in an effort to set up a good correspondence between the research inquiry and the trying fundamentally the participants involved were specific and relevant to the research inquiry. In order to protect the participants confidentiality and the information provided, one will take safeguards such as ( Data Protection Act 1998, pp.119 ) ; non maintaining informations for longer than it required for, maintain all informations and other information secure, protect participant individuality by altering names/locations etc .. ( Holmes, 2004pp.120 ) Sampling technique Questions made them open .easy to read and simple Decided against carry oning interviews as I waned to roll up informations in a more convenient and un-obstructive manner ( Burnet. J pp.9 ) As empirical informations on its ain is non plenty ( Burnet. J pp62 ) , one had to look to theoretical models to research and possible justify the inquiries and replies. Narrative research or action research- based around the two Qualitative method of research was used as one aimed to research a deeper apprehension around the significances, feelings, attitudes perceptual experiences and apprehensions around age favoritism within Younger Social Workers. The How I am traveling to analyze the informations What I am looking for running subjects Finally the ascertained consequences are traveling to be compared to the information found from my literature reappraisal and pp.198 A three-step cryptography procedure will be taken to analyze the informations 1 ) measure one-open cryptography ; this will affect an initial running through of the collected information. 2 ) Measure two, Axial cryptography ; this involves set uping all of the coded sections in relation to one another. 3 ) Step three, Selective cryptography ; this will affect revisiting and reexamining the information and placing the most relevant pieces for farther work. This survey forms the thesis portion of a BA in societal work being undertaken at UEL by the research worker named above. It aims to set up whether or non immature societal workers ( 18-25years ) face age favoritism and if so what may impute to this and what can be done to forestall them being discriminated against. The purpose is to inform the university pedagogues and professionals working in the societal work and wellness and societal attention country. Restrictions: One was non able to roll up a huge sum of soft informations in footings of ocular sounds this would hold been peculiarly effectual when pp121. The gender of the participants was non justified this may hold opened up different avenues in footings of analysis. The demographic information of the participants was non included ; this could hold impacted on the analysis of the research nevertheless this was done to maximize confidentiality and protect the participants. Restrictions to my informations aggregation: There was a greater hazard to losing informations via partially/unanswered inquiries due to a deficiency of supervising or suggestion. Bryan, 2008 explores an interesting point around participants happening it easier to actively to make up ones mind to non reply peculiar inquiries when on their ain due to a deficiency of relevancy to them or merely because they feel that the inquiry is deadening. Literature Review The Laws Around Age Discrimination: Since 1st October 2006, it has been improper for employers and others to know apart against a individual on the footing of his/her age unlike in the US, where ordinances give protection to older workers, the UK regulations apply to all age groups. The UK regulations were originally implemented by The Employment Equality ( Age ) Regulations 2006, but have been incorporated into the Equality Act 2010. The Equality ActA 2010 the bulk in force 1 October 2010 This Act repeals the Employment Equality ( Age ) Regulations 2006 every bit good as several other major pieces of favoritism statute law. It harmonises favoritism jurisprudence in England, Wales and Scotland ( note, non Northern Ireland ) . The Act is being implemented in phases and the bulk of it is in force as of 1 October 2010. The Act may besides widen the prohibition on age favoritism to the proviso of goods and services. As of September 2010, the Coalition is still sing whether to implement this facets of the Equality Act 2010. Click on this nexus for theA Equality Act 2010. What Constitutes Ageism? Effectss of Ageism: It is believed that when one is oppressed against due to their age it can potentially impede their self-pride. Social Constructionism: This is an attack, which challenges the impression that societal definitions and functions are fixed and natural invariables Burr ( 1995 ) It focuses on how we imbue constructs with intending harmonizing to how we understand the universe around us, and that these significances are merely specific to a peculiar cultural or historic context. Pp.6-7 Types of Discrimination: The Age ordinances adopt similar definitions to those applied in most other strands of anti-discrimination jurisprudence. There are four types of favoritism: Direct DiscriminationA where an employer, on the evidences of a individual s age ( or evident age ) , treats him/her less favorably than others are or would be treated. So a refusal to interview anyone over the age of 50 would about surely represent direct favoritism. There is a possible defense mechanism in that it is possible to handle some less favorably than others if the intervention is a proportionate agencies of accomplishing a legitimate purpose this is the alleged objective justification trial which does non look in sex, race and sexual orientation favoritism where a much narrower genuine occupational demand justification operates Indirect DiscriminationA this applies where an employer imposes or operates ( and can non objectively warrant ) a proviso, standard or pattern which puts people of a peculiar age or age group at a disadvantage. For a individual to successfully claim, they must hold really been put to a disadvantage. So a demand for, say, 10 old ages gross revenues experience would put those below the age of around 28 at a disadvantage. So unless that length of experience can be objectively justified, indirect favoritism will hold occurred. HarassmentA this is defined as behavior by one or more individuals which, on the evidences of age, has the intent or consequence of go againsting person s self-respect and/or of making an intimidating, hostile, degrading, mortifying or violative environment. Such behavior might be name-calling, unwanted violative gags, verbal maltreatment and/or disregarding. There can be no objective justification of torment and it is basically the perceptual experience of the victim that counts. The lone possible defense mechanism is that the alleged victim is being oversensitive and the behavior complained of was accidental and could non moderately be taken as violative. Note that bullying , as such is non a class of favoritism, but strong-arming behavior, if based on age, could surely be regarded as torment. VictimisationA this is less favorable intervention of person, non specifically due to their age, ( which would amount to direct favoritism ) , but because they have done one or more of four alleged protected Acts of the Apostless : brought proceedings under the Age favoritism Regulations ; given grounds or information in connexion with proceedings brought be person else ; made allegations that the Regulations have or may hold been contravened ; or done anything else under or by mention to the Regulations. The Positions of Younger Social Workers Social Work The Change from Diploma to Degree: In September 2004, a three-year societal work grade was put in topographic point in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Scots governmentA introduced a four twelvemonth grade. The degree programmes replaced the biennial Diploma in Social Work with the purpose of raising criterions of pattern in societal work and hiking the profession. Peoples desiring to set about the societal work degree necessitate to demo that they have an apprehension of societal work and will necessitate some experience of societal work or societal attention prior to analyzing. This experience can be achieved through paid-for work, work arrangements or scenes, life experience ( some people may hold been a full-time carer to a friend or relation at place see subdivision on carers, in our FAQ s, below, which has given them an penetration into societal work ) or volunteering. It is besides possible to analyze while you work ( see subdivision on parttime perusal ) . On the degree class, you will larn about the function of societal work and the assortment of statute law which is applicable to societal work, moralss and values. There is a large accent on practical acquisition and a 200-day arrangement is portion of the class in order for you to set your theoretical acquisition into pattern. Social workers need accomplishments in problem-solving, communicating, working with others and forbearance. On the class you will larn about jurisprudence, partnership working, appraisal, intercession, mental wellness and disablement issues. The entry demand for each class differs, so you need to research what the minimal demand for the class is at each higher instruction establishment and in each UK state. As a regulation of pollex in England you will necessitate 5 GCSE s class A* to C, including English and Maths, and 2 A-levels, but the demand can be higher in other parts of the UK. In Scotland, the minimal entry standards for the grade tends to be 4 Highers and in Northern Ireland, 3 B-Grade A-levels or higher. Who is attracted to Social Work: New figures show a pronounced upturn in pupils fall ining societal work grade classs in Scotland, harmonizing to the Scottish Social Services Council. Early indicants suggest an 8 % addition in admittances in 2009/10 compared with the old twelvemonth, conveying this twelvemonth s entire consumption up to 700 pupils. A lifting tendency of admittances appears to hold been accompanied by increasing Numberss of younger appliers to societal work grades. Following a determination to raise the age barrier which prevented school departers from using, the proportion of appliers in the 16-24 age group swelled from 31 % in 2006/7 to 41 % in 2008/9. Numbers of handicapped appliers are besides increasing, the SSSC says. It is promoting to see more people taking societal work as a calling, says Anna Fowlie, SSSC main executive. We have a committedness to widening the engagement of people in societal work amongst under-represented groups so that the work force more accurately reflects the diverseness of our communities. Recent research by the SSSC and the Association of Directors of Social Work showed that public perceptual experiences of societal work were bettering. It found that 47 % of respondents viewed societal work positively, compared with 38 % the old twelvemonth. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.basw.co.uk/news/rise-in-social-work-undergraduates-in-scotland/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gscc.org.uk/cmsFiles/Publications/GSCC_Variations_In_The_Progression_Of_SW_Progression_Analysis_09.pdf Unsurprisingly, pupils age is one of the few demographic features that perceptibly changed since the debut of the new grade. This is chiefly attributed to the remotion of the minimal age demand at which pupils were expected to measure up as a societal worker. In the yesteryear, merely one or two per cent of pupils started DipSW programmes before the age of 20 whereas the proportion of pupils in this age group has risen steadily to 14 % ; this is reflected in the decrease in the average age of pupils get downing societal work programmes from 33.6 old ages ( SD 8.5 ) to 30.7 old ages ( SD 9.2 ) . Among new degree pupils, UG and PG pupils have an about indistinguishable average age ( 30.8 for UG pupils vs. 30.1 old ages for PG pupils ) . As can be seen from Chart 3b, pupils making the Social Work Degree tended to be mature, with more than half ( 52 % ) over 30 old ages old. Although the average age of undergraduates and graduate students were similar ( both 32 old ages old ) , the undergraduate grade class consists of a wider scope of ages, immature and old. A fifth ( 19 % ) of undergraduates in our sample were aged 20 or at a lower place, as would be expected no graduate students were under 21. Postgraduate pupils ( 47 % ) were more likely to be in their late 20s than undergraduate pupils ( 28 % ) . Chart 3b Age profile of first twelvemonth societal work pupils hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/19140054/00554/Q/Zoom/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2008/11/11/41747/The-Diploma-in-Social-Work-DipSW.htm What are the admittance demands? Mature pupils who are over 21 bashs non ever necessitate formal academic makings, but the choice panels for the DipSW classs will anticipate you to demo your ability to analyze at higher instruction degree, likely by grounds of recent survey or a written trial. It is suggested that you do a part-time or flushing class such as an A Level, advanced GNVQ/GSVQ or NVQ/SVQ Level 3 in attention, the Open University Foundation faculty or an Entree to Social Work class to better your accomplishments and assurance before you apply. Your local farther instruction college will rede you about possibilities. If you have a grade or keep a making which is considered to be tantamount to a grade, you will be eligible to use for a postgraduate class. All graduate student classs require six to 12 months experience in a societal work or societal attention puting. For precise demands, it is ever best to reach the university you are interested in using to, as the standards vary well from topographic point to topographic point. If you are under 21 on the day of the month a DipSW class starts, you must keep either: 2 A Levels and 3 GCSEs ; or 5 base on ballss for the Scots Certificate in Education including 3 at Higher Degree ; or any other educational, professional or vocational makings ( e.g. NVQ/SVQ Level 3, GNVQ/GSVQ Level 3 ) considered by the GSCC to be tantamount. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2009/04/03/111200/Universities-and-employers-use-new-tactics-to-attract-more-people-to-social-care-related.htm Between 1995 and 2003 there was a dip in the figure of people analyzing the old societal work sheepskin. After the societal work grade was launched in 2003 this reversed, but since 2005 the figure of pupils analyzing societal work has fallen once more and now merely 5,000 are on GSCC-approved societal work grade classs in England. hypertext transfer protocol: //swoty.wordpress.com/2010/06/27/the-workforce-crisis-in-social-work-and-its-meaning-for-the-w-a-community/ Age favoritism in wellness and societal attention Unlike employment, there are no Torahs to protect people against age favoritism in wellness and societal attention services. You may experience that you have received hapless quality intervention because of your age, for illustration possibly your GP will non mention you to a adviser. If you are unhappy with your intervention, you should kick to the service concerned. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.informationnow.org.uk/resources/articles/451 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.equalities.gov.uk/pdf/110301 % 20Consultation % 20doc.pdf The position from the British Association of Social Workers Fran McDonnell, societal attention work force development adviser and chair of BASW s acquisition and development commission, writes: Personally, as person who became a trainee at 18 and went on my CQSW class at 20, measure uping at 22, I do nt hold a job with younger people going trainees or pupils on societal work classs. I think what matters is a thorough choice procedure to guarantee appliers are suited and that they have shown involvement and aptitude in working with others: such as whether they have done some voluntary work. It could be damaging to enrolling high quality practicians if there was no calling pathway straight into societal work from school, farther instruction or higher instruction as in instruction and nursing etc. I think it is more of import to hold good pattern instructors and appropriate arrangements and that universities filter out pupils who are non fit to pattern. Appropriate support should enable this to go on. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2009/06/02/111697/carespace-debate-hots-up-over-age-of-social-workers.htm Social workers are besides younger than in the yesteryear, with the proportion under the age of 24 holding doubled in the last five old ages ( 20 % in 2003/04 compared to 39 % in 2007/08 ) . The minimal age, antecedently set at 22, has now been abolished. Social workers in England are now required to hold a Bachelor s grade, but concerns remain about the degree of experience and preparation among those set abouting ambitious work with kids and households. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nuffieldfoundation.org/news/should-social-workers-be-expected- % E2 % 80 % 98do-it-all % E2 % 80 % 99 However, one of the effects of the new grade ( Evaluation of Social Work Degree Qualification in England Team, 2008 ) is an addition in younger alumnuss. This means that we would anticipate to see a somewhat younger age profile among societal workers from informations collected in 2009 when compared with 2006. hypertext transfer protocols: //media.education.gov.uk/MediaFiles/A/8/B/ % 7BA8B62CDE-EF76-4379-9BB5-604DD3F46317 % 7DSWTF % 20Workload % 20Survey % 20 ( concluding ) .pdf pupils are allowed to inscribe one time they are over the age of 18, and this has resulted in a rise in the proportion of pupils aged 18-20 from fewer than 1 % in 2001-2002 to 14 % in 2005-2006 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL A ; _udi=B6WNX-4XKXRJN-1 A ; _user=132444 A ; _coverDate=07 % 2F31 % 2F2010 A ; _rdoc=1 A ; _fmt=high A ; _orig=gateway A ; _origin=gateway A ; _sort=d A ; _docanchor= A ; view=c A ; _searchStrId=1706792304 A ; _rerunOrigin=google A ; _acct=C000011018 A ; _version=1 A ; _urlVersion=0 A ; _userid=132444 A ; md5=7538ded29004839e49cc238d1e6b3d94 A ; searchtype=a .2. There are a scope of entry paths to societal work preparation which allow for mature entrants, re-entrants and those sing a calling alteration. The GSCC s analysis of the composing of the consumption on societal work programmes for 2007-2008 indicates that 24 % of pupils study at Master s degree, 64 % at degree degree. A farther 12 % are sponsored on employment based paths and/or part-time.[ [ ]3 ] Mature pupils continue to do up the bulk of the consumption with pupils over the age of 25 accounting for 61 % of entire consumption. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmchilsch/memo/trainingsocwor/ucm1302.htm The new societal work grade introduced in 2003, which entitles alumnuss to professional enrollment leting them to pattern in the UK, is assisting to alter the traditional profile of a freshly qualified societal worker. Walker says: Social work has attracted late entrants, and while life experience can assist it, is non a requirement to going a societal worker. Because of the degree societal workers are acquiring younger and I think we need a balance of entrants coming into the profession. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/society/2007/nov/22/publicsectorcareers.socialcare As an applier for societal work preparation, you need to be prepared to examine, challenge and alter your ain attitudes and biass. You may go involved with the behaviors of persons and households whose ways of populating their lives are really different to yours, and you may even be required to utilize statute law to protect grownups and kids who are vulnerable or at hazard. Datas from the Social Care Register besides reveals that two per cent of registered societal workers are under 24 ; 16 per cent are aged 25-34 ; 25 per cent are 35-44 ; 33 per cent are 45-54 ; and 24 per cent are over 55. despite common consciousness that the aging work force represents a challenge that companies will hold to get the better of ( Armone, 2006 ) , the bulk of companies surveyed ( Armone, 2006 ; Schramm, 2006 ) have yet to take proactive stairss to restrict the negative effects that the aging work force may hold for the future growing of their companies. Give the research which suggests that age is frequently positively associated with public presentation ( e.g. , Arvey, Miller, Gould A ; Burch, 1987 ; Avolio, Waldman, A ; McDaniel, 1990 ; Bass A ; Turner, 1973 ; Cleveland A ; Shore, 1992 ; Nelson, 2002 ) , o Evidence Analysis of informations Include ommisions Dissertation Conclusion Age favoritism is more frequently covert and elusive and is inexplicit in a general deficiency of precedence for older people s services. Discrimination is sometimes hard to divide from other issues around, gender, poorness, ethnicity and the manner in which people with disablements and long term unwellness are treated. when work is designed to advance concerted mutuality, people are more likely to go relationally-focused ( Brickson, 2000 ) , thereby developing personalized apprehensions of one another instead than trusting on the sorts of stereotypes that can trip agism and other prejudiced behaviour. The decision states what you have discovered and what you have concluded from it. You should non be showing new thoughts or new beginnings in the decision. Last Page: Evidence | Next Page: Recommendations The decision summarises the consequences of a thesis and contains the concluding tax write-offs you have made from your research. Your thesis decision should incorporate a concise and clear description of the consequences of the conducted research. The decision should be written after the chief organic structure of the paper has been finished, and the thesis inquiry has been dealt with wholly by you, the author. It does non incorporate any extra or new information or stuff it is a sum-up of what you have found and the chief points you have made. Writing is a alone occupation, unless you re a drinker, in which instance you ever have a friend within range . ( Emilio Estevez ) Writing your thesis decision The chief chapters of your thesis will hold focused on peculiar subjects or issues. For illustration, each chapter may hold focused treatment on a peculiar text. Alternatively, you may hold structured your work so that each chapter is devoted to treatment of a peculiar facet of your overall subject. The decision offers the chance to reexamine your work as a whole, to place the points of comparing and contrast the assorted texts you have examined, and to demo that, in the procedure of your survey, you have developed a more precise, critical apprehension of the manner they deal with your subject. This is besides an appropriate topographic point for you to indicate to the restrictions of small-scale research of this sort and to bespeak possible avenues for research workers to turn to the issues in the hereafter. Remember the decision DOES NOT incorporate new issues non explored elsewhere or new stuff. It is at that place to reason and pull together what you have discovered, non to add to it. Would hold been good to hold a ocular information aggregation which could hold ben achieved via observation/interviews. Dissertation Recommendations Your thesis recommendations should emerge from the decision, suggest what is to be done, who is to make it and how/when it is to be done, and be justified based on findings, non merely the sentiment of the author. Last Page: Decision | Next Page: Referencing Often the recommendations from thesiss get translated into action programs to cut down the load of sightlessness in their communities ( Community Eye Health Journal, London ) . Recommendations cover two cardinal facets. They may propose action which could be taken right now in relation to a peculiar issue or subject. In add-on, or instead, they may propose that farther research and work is necessary to be able to take appropriate action. Research frequently exposes farther jobs and introduces more inquiries. As a pupil, there is a clip bound to your research undertaking, so it is improbable that your work would hold solved all the jobs associated with the country of survey. Therefore, you will be expected to do suggestions about how your work can be improved and, based on your findings, whether there are countries that deserve farther probe. What you write in this subdivision will demo whether you have a steadfast grasp of your work, and whether you have given sufficient idea to its deductions, non merely within the narrow confines of the research subject, but to related Fieldss. These reflect your ability for original idea, and your possible to transport out original research ; cardinal issues in a research grade. In the instance of a high degree thesis, such as at PhD degree particularly, where you are expected to be the expert, it would be more than abashing if an assessor can do more suggestions about how your wo rk can be progressed. This is non a novel to be tossed aside lightly. It should be thrown with great force. ( Dorothy Parker ) Key recommendations contents: Remedial action to work out the job. Further research to make full in spreads in our understanding.A Directions for future probes on this or related subjects. Principles of anti-ageist pattern Good pattern in work with older people is inherently anti-ageist. Unfortunately, ageist attitudes and policies, unequal resources and deficiency of staff preparation in the demands of older people all conspire to take down the quality of pattern. Are there rules that should inform an anti-ageist pattern with older people? Think about the undermentioned cardinal words: Value and esteem Listening Seeking information The older individual s voice Choice Inter-depenency Priortion of service Principles of anti-ageist pattern Suggested reply We would propose the followers: Value and esteem the single older individual as the grownup he or she is. For illustration, do non take down with names like dear or utilizing first names without permission and regard privateness. Listen and seek to understand what the older individual wants. Seek information, without being intrusive, about the individual s life: household history, work, involvements etc. as this can assist with 2 above and can besides help in organizing a relationship. Ensure that the older individual s voice is heard, if necessary through an advocator. Offer pick. Promote inter-dependency. Independence may be a hard end for some older people, but inter-dependency i.e. being able to give emotional support, for illustration, in return for support given may be a more realistic purpose. Prioritizing services for the most deprived older people such as those with terrible mental wellness jobs and those in poorness for illustration, many older adult females and black and Asiatic older people. Bytheway, B. ( 1995 ) Ageism, Buckingham, Open University Press Bytheway, B. and Johnson, J. ( 1990 ) On specifying agism , Critical Social Policy, 27, pp.27-39. Levenson, R. ( 2003 ) Auditing Age Discrimination: A Practical Approach to Promoting Age Equality in Health and Social Care, London, King s Fund Ray, S. , Sharp, E. and Abrams, D. ( 2006 ) Ageism: a benchmark of public attitudes in Britain, London, Age Concern England Roberts, E. , Robinson, J. and Seymour, L. ( 2002 ) Old Habits Die Hard: Tackling age favoritism in wellness and societal attention, London, Kings Fund Robinson, B ( 1994 ) Ageism, Appendix B, hypertext transfer protocol: //ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~aging/ModuleAgeism.html Avery, D. R. , McKay, P. F. , A ; Wilson, D. C. ( 2007 ) . Prosecuting the aging work force: The relationship between perceived age similarity, satisfaction with coworkers, and employee battle. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1542-1556. Avolio, B. J. , Waldman, D. A. , A ; McDaniel, M. A. ( 1990 ) . Age and work public presentation in nonmanagerial occupations: The effects of experience and occupational type. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 407-422. Celejewski, I. , A ; Dion, K. K. ( 1998 ) . Self-perception and perceptual experience of age groups as a map of the percipient s class rank. International Journal of Aging A ; Human Development, 47, 205-216. Finkelstein, L. M. , A ; Burke, M. J. ( 1998 ) . Age pigeonholing at work: The function of rater and contextual factors on ratings of occupation appliers. Journal of General Psychology, 125, 317-345. Kite, M. E. , A ; Johnson, B. T. ( 1988 ) . Attitudes toward older and younger grownups: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 3, 233-244. Kite, M. E. , Stockdale, G. D. , Whitley, B. E. , A ; Johnson, B. T. ( 2005 ) . Attitudes toward younger and older grownups: An updated meta-analytic reappraisal. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 241-266.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Aileen Hernandez - Feminist Civil Rights Activist

Aileen Hernandez - Feminist Civil Rights Activist Aileen Hernandez was a lifelong activist for civil rights and women’s rights. She was one of the founding officers of the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966. Dates:  May 23, 1926 – February 13, 2017 Personal Roots Aileen Clarke Hernandez, whose parents were Jamaican, was raised in Brooklyn, New York. Her mother, Ethel Louise Hall Clarke, was a homemaker who worked as a seamstress and traded domestic work for physicians services. Her father, Charles Henry Clarke Sr., was a brushmaker. School experiences taught her that she was supposed to be nice and submissive, and she early determined not to submit. Aileen Clarke studied political science and sociology at Howard University in Washington D.C., graduating in 1947. It was there she began to work as an activist to fight against racism and sexism, working with the NAACP and in politics. She later moved to California and received a master’s degree from California State University at Los Angeles. She has traveled widely in the course of her work for human rights and liberty. Equal Opportunities During the 1960s, Aileen Hernandez was the only woman appointed by President Lyndon Johnson to the government’s Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). She resigned from the EEOC because of frustration with the agency’s inability or refusal to actually enforce laws against sex discrimination. She started her own consulting firm, which works with government, corporate, and nonprofit organizations. Working with NOW While womens equality was getting more government attention, activists discussed the need for a private women’s rights organization. In 1966, a group of pioneering feminists founded NOW. Aileen Hernandez was elected NOW’s first Executive Vice-President. In 1970, she became the second national president of NOW, after Betty Friedan. While Aileen Hernandez led the organization, NOW worked on behalf of women in the workplace to gain equal pay and better handling of discrimination complaints. NOW activists demonstrated in several states, threatened to sue the U.S. Secretary of Labor and organized the Women’s Strike for Equality. When the president of NOW endorsed a candidate slate in 1979 which did not include any people of color in major positions, Hernandez broke with the organization, writing an open letter to feminists to express her critique of the organization for putting such priority on issues like the Equal Rights Amendment that issues of race and class were ignored. I have become increasingly distressed by the growing alienation of minority women who have joined feminist organizations like NOW. They are truly the women in the middle, isolated within their minority communities because of their espousal of the feminist cause and isolated in the feminist movement because they insist on attention to issues which impact heavily on minorities. Other Organizations Aileen Hernandez was  a leader on multiple political issues, including housing, the environment, labor, education and  health care. She co-founded Black Women Organized for Action in 1973. She has also worked with Black Women Stirring the Waters,  the California Women’s Agenda, the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and the California Division of Fair Employment Practices.  Ã‚   Aileen Hernandez won multiple awards for her humanitarian efforts. In 2005, she was part of a group of 1,000 women nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Hernandez died in February 2017.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

From a decision making point of view, why are some costs relevant and Essay

From a decision making point of view, why are some costs relevant and others irrelevant Give a detailed example of each - Essay Example Overlooking the irrelevant data in the assessment process moreover would greatly benefit the company in saving time and effort (Averkamp 2012, p.1). For relevant costs, a company could for example be deciding whether to remove a product line or not. This product line could be accounting for about 4% of this firm’s activities. If the company eliminates this product line, the corporation officers will continuously receive similar salaries as before such that the expenses for the central office will not change. Product line managers plus others staffs working directly with this product line however will receive a termination thus eliminating their salaries. According to Averkamp (2012, p.1), such eliminated salaries for individuals who worked directly with the direct line will be relevant in the decision-making process. If the salaries were $700000 when the product line was operational and $0 in its absence, the $700000 savings is therefore relevant (i.e. relevant cost). Considering this same product line scenario, salaries linked to the officers are not relevant for decision-making. This means that whether the salaries amounts to $500,000 or $5, 000,000, they will remain irrelevant. The salaries will be similar in the presence or absence of the product line. Averkamp (2012, p.1) noted that a decision-maker will need not know the expenses of the central office because they will be constant in the presence or absence of the product line. Previous year’s expenses will similarly remain

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

The Influence of My Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Influence of My Life - Essay Example The person who has had the greatest influence on my life is my Mother. She has been a constant motivating force, always challenging me in a loving way to reach higher, and to love and honor myself. She has taught me the importance of education and the joy that cultivating a passion for reading can bring to my life. My mother has frequently stressed over the years the importance of setting personal goals for myself. My parents divorced when I was a toddler, leaving her a single parent. I watched as she struggled to care for me and learned from her unwavering dedication to raising me well. As tired as she was from her long or stressful days, she never once neglected to check my homework, nor did she miss an opportunity to help me learn a lesson. My two favorite memories from childhood are of dinnertime and bedtime. During dinnertime we would rehash our day, and my mother would offer me praise and encouragement for my accomplishments, or would challenge me and offer direction when I had come up short in some way. At bedtime we would select a book to read and we would lose ourselves together in its pages. My grandmother has also motivated me throughout my life. She, more than anyone else, has been the source of my strength. My grandma took my love of history and used it as a tool to mold, teach and direct me through life, which helped me become the person I am today.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Japanese tariff on imported rice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japanese tariff on imported rice - Research Paper Example These policies were modified sequentially thereafter until early 1980s when, as a result of pressure from Trading partners such as US made them open up rice borders. For instance, California rice producers in 1986 filed a petition to the government of United States under section 301 of the constitution that the policies of Japan were detrimental to the industry. During this time, Japan was imposing a subsidy of up to $2,200 per metric ton to domestic producers in Japan. As a result, the subsidies were about 10 times the World prices (Bergsten, Fred, Itō, & Noland, 2001). A tariff is a levied tax on the imports that raise effectively the cost of the goods imported in relation to the domestic products. Some specific tariffs are imposed as a charge that is fixed for very unit of imported good. In tariffs, there are entities that lose and those that gains. In more general terms, the state in most cases increases significantly since tariffs increases the revenue of the state. In addition, domestic producers gain since the tariff offers them protection against external competitors by cost increase of the foreign goods imported. As a result, consumer loses since they must pay extra for the imports. Thus, tariffs are anti-consumer and pro-producer, and they reduce the global efficiency of the economy (Bergsten, Fred, Itō, & Noland, 2001). As part of the policy introduced by the government, imports on rice have been banned by the government in Japan except the processed forms. In the same regard, disproportionate governing authority wielded by rice farmer’s production of rice has been subsidized. Trade friction between US and Japan has worsened. Tokyo logical basis on imposing such policies is to attain self-sufficiency in the production for food security reasons. In the same vein, farm groups domestically have maintained that cultivation of rice is part of their cultural diversity. Hayami (1988) argued that consumers of rice

Friday, November 15, 2019

The implementation of electronic health record

The implementation of electronic health record Only 4 percent of U.S. doctors are using an electronic medical record system (EHR) because of a diverse range of barriers and perceptions involved with implementing an EHR system. The health care portion of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) called Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health or HITECH promotes the Meaningful Use of information technology in the form of EHR systems for every American by 2014 (Hoffman, 2009). Just having an EHR system is not enough; meaningful use means the system must improve the quality, efficiency, security, access, and communication in the delivery of health care among other functions. The United States government has provided $17 billion in available incentives to assist physicians and health care facilities implement certified EHR systems that meet Federal qualifications by the year 2014 (Blumenthal, 2009). This important health care issue affects everyone in this country because of the nature of private health i nformation. The U.S. government mandate for the implementation of electronic health records presents a wide variety of issues for and responses by physicians who want to retain their diversity relating to the way they practice medicine, while meeting the Meaningful Use requirements that will positively affect their investment and efficiency. Meaningful use depends on interoperability, which means that physicians systems will be able to communicate with each other for information exchange. Currently some physicians may have systems that are interoperable, but some may have invested in software that does not provide that function. Numerous vendors often market more than one type of system. Currently, estimates of physicians using a complete, fully functional EHR system are only at four percent (DesRoches, et al., 2008). This leaves the majority in need of researching software systems, purchasing, and implementing an EHR system to meet the Meaningful Use requirements. The practice of medicine is a highly individualized field where every physician has their own ways to provide for their patients. A general practitioner will have different software needs than a surgeon or obstetrician. An issue the physicians have to address is that they have to choose a certified EHR system that will provide the functions they need for their particular practice of medicine. Many physicians are starting with a basic system and customizing it to fit their practice needs (Baron, et al, 2005). HITECH will need to certify systems that provide functions that the physicians require with enough flexibility to meet the diverse needs of every type of practice. Some EHR systems are designed for primary care practices or large hospitals and may not meet the needs of a specialist. Physicians will have to choose a certified system that will have the required functions as well as those his practice will require. Whichever system a physician chooses will require training in order to benefit from the functions the software can provide. A basic knowledge of computer use is a skill many physicians do not even have. In fact, some physicians have technophobia when it comes to computers in their practice (Hayes, 2009). Statistics have shown that younger physicians are more apt to have a positive outlook on the EHR systems. Younger physicians also appear to have earlier adoption of an EHR system because of their prior exposure to computers. In-depth training to learn the functions and processes of the system are necessary to prevent severe disruptions in the workflow of the office. Many offices will train a few employees to be Super Users to be a resource for others in the office who have had less training. Super Users will be able to adjust the work processes when needed. Some physicians offices close for a period of days to bring the system online and prepare the office for going live. The diversi ty in computer abilities and comfort levels will affect the complexity, price, and amount of training required for each physician and his office staff for the chosen system. Cost is the biggest issue in the adoption of EHR systems. Cost estimates are between $12,000 and $24,000 to implement a fully functional EHR system (Baron, 2005). The equipment, software, training and one year of support can cost $140,000 or more (Baron, 2005). The HITECH incentives will cover some, but not all the cost of the conversion from paper to electronic records. Incentive payments can total $18,000 in the first year, for physicians implementing in 2011 and 2012 and will continue for 5 years at reducing amounts. The available incentive amounts will decline each year and end completely in 2016. In other words, physicians who adopt in 2011 could collect $44,000 over the five-year period while physicians who adopt in 2013 would receive $27,000 in incentive payments over 3 years (Blumenthal, 2009). The incentives will provide more funding for physicians that implement early. Surveys indicate that the incentives are a facilitator for approximately 55 percent of physicians who see the incentives as a reason to make the transition now, and receive maximum financial benefit (Blumenthal, 2009). The diversity in size of practices will affect how the physicians perceive capital costs. Due to the diversity in the types and ways physicians practice, issues that need to be considered and addressed, and the many solutions available, physicians attitudes and opinions on EHRs and Meaningful Use vary from very enthusiastic to resentful and wary. Studies have shown that physicians who have already adopted an EHR system are generally satisfied with their system and the benefits it provides. However, although the physicians will be the ones assuming approximately 89 percent of the cost of the system, they will not receive much of a return on their investment (Hoffman, 2009). The insurance companies will save money on reduced testing, streamlined billing, and overall efficiency. The government will save money on the same things as well as have a medium for monitoring fraud. Physicians will save some money on record storage, employee salaries previously paid for filing and transcribing records, and paper office supplies, but in comparison to the cost of the system, savings ar e minimal. Physician concern over return on investment is 50 percent for physicians who do not have an electronic system but only 33 percent for physicians who are already using an electronic system (DesRoches, 2008). The results may reflect Medicare and Medicaid patient numbers, size of the physician practice or perhaps the diverse perceptions physicians have over the dollar value versus the benefits to their actual income. Seemingly, the biggest numbers of implementers are the larger practices who are often better able to absorb the large investment than a small practice or single physician office. Statistics show that large primary care practices are more apt to implement EHR systems than other types of practices. These large group practices of fifty or more physicians were four times more likely to have a fully functional system than with physicians in practices of three or less physicians (DesRoches, 2008). The increased cash flow from a large practice makes the large capital expense less detrimental to the practice. This diversity in the size of physician practices is a significant basis for EHR implementation. EHR implementation itself will not provide for full Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement. In order for a physician to receive full reimbursement from Medicare and Medicaid, an EHR system must meet the Meaningful Use requirements. Physicians who do not have an EHR system that meets the meaningful use requirements will see penalties in the form of reduced Medicare payments. The reduction of payments will start at one percent in 2015, increase to two percent in 2016, and increase again to three percent in 2017 (Blumenthal, 2009). Physicians with large amounts of Medicare and Medicaid patients will have a significant reason to implement a system that meets the Meaningful Use guidelines. This issue will not affect all physician practices and some physicians do not feel it is a significant impediment to their practice income to warrant the large expense involved with implementing an EHR system. The diversity in the types of patients a physician or practice routinely cares for will have an e ffect on their financial return and willingness to implement an EHR system. For those who may not see a financial return there are many other benefits to adopting an EHR system for patients, insurance companies, and the government, and to some degree physicians. One benefit for physicians is a more efficient and streamlined insurance claims process, which will aid in cash flow. Physicians will also be better able to provide for their patients because the patient record will be able to go where the patient goes, including to hospitals and specialists, resulting in better coordination of the patients care. The EHR will provide a reduction in clinical errors because of the ability of the EHR to provide clinical decision support and monitor medication dosing and contraindications, and allergies. However, a group of physicians feel that this is questioning their judgment and do not want the interference in the way they practice medicine. Of physicians who are using a fully functional EHR system 86 percent appreciate the avoidance of medication error function that their system provides. The diversity in the physicians response to clinical decision support may be due to age of the physician, the number of years he or she has been in practice or any number of reasons including the personality of the physician. Along with those benefits, there is disruption of the office workflow. This is a significant cause for physician concern (DesRoches, 2009). The learning curve for an EHR system slows down all the processes in the office. Some physicians are better able to deal with the chaos that ensues while converting to an electronic system. Everyone within the practice has to relearn his or her job processes. All the office procedures of the practice have to be redesigned to work with the EHR system and the practice requirements. There is a period even after implementation of changes and adjustments that must be made to customize the system to the practice. Physician practices have reduced their patient load as much as fifty percent during implementation to try to reduce the waiting time for patients (Braon, et al., 2005). This essentially means a reduction in revenues until everyone can perform their jobs smoothly and handle the normal patient load again. Estimates are anywhere from four to six months before normal patient load is fully resumed. Physicians have reported losing patients because the wait time to see the physician was too long during the early stages of implementation (Baron, 2005). This is a major barrier for 41 percent of physicians in making the switch to electronic records (DesRoches, 2008). Physicians are very busy by nature and a slowdown in the office creates a diverse level of frustration that has caused some physicians to put off implementation or even to reverse the work already done in adopting an EHR system and return to their paper system. Those who do make the switch from paper to electronic records will have to consider HIPAA requirements for security of an EHR system. EHR systems require the secure storage of EHRs, which contain patients private health information and interoperability requires secure access to patient EHRs. Some physicians will choose to be on an encrypted network to share information with their local hospital, laboratories, and other health care providers. A verification process will be required to allow authorized physicians access to patients private health information and to deny access to unauthorized persons. Security of patient records is a concern for many physicians. Some physicians feel this is something that needs more regulation before they will expose their patients to the risk of a breach. The diversity in the EHR systems in operation now creates issues for secured patient PHI with system interoperability. With all the diversity involved in implementing an EHR system, physicians perceive the challenges of the U.S. government mandate for the implementation of electronic health records in different ways. Some feel there are too many barriers to address before implementation of an EHR and others feel the benefits outweigh the barriers. There are as many opinions on the issues of switching to an EHR system as there are physicians themselves. Addressing issues such as cost, security, training without a major loss in cash flow, which stems from disruption to the workflow of the office, will all stress the doctor patient relationship at least for a time. This is important because it will effect how and when the physicians adopt and use the nationwide system. The diversity in the way physicians practice medicine is individualized and the approved EHR systems will have to be flexible enough to allow for that individuality. The one thing all physicians want is to practice medicine they way they always have and meet the required mandate for Meaningful Use so they may recoup some of their investment. References Baron, R. J., Fabens, E. L., Schiffman, M., Wolf, E. (2005, August 2). Electronic health records: Just around the corner? Or over the cliff? Annals of Internal Medicine, 143(3), 222-226. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=17875478site= ehost-live This article is written by physicians in a 4-internist practice describing the processes involved with converting from traditional paper medical records to electronic medical records. Baron and colleagues address the problems and issues involved, and how they worked through them. Some topics of interest include both planned and unexpected finances, training, workflow and accommodations and the overall office environment. The article describes the realized benefits and lacking areas of standardization and interoperability. I chose this source for its overall description of actual process of implementing an electronic records system. This article also addresses computer skills and requirements. Blumenthal, D. (2009, April 9). Stimulating the adoption of health information technology. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(15), 1477-1479. doi:10.1056/ This article describes the portions of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) that pertains to health information technology. The article addresses barriers physicians have for implementing the mandated electronic medical record. Financial issues including incentives, costs and financial penalties are of adopting the mandate are covered. Other areas to promote and ease the transition, such as support systems, state and regional medical information exchanges, education initiatives, and extended HIPAA guidelines with regard to electronic records and transmissions are included in this article. This article explains the incentives for implementing the electronic records system. I chose this article to explain the diversity involved in the governments promotion for adopting an electronic health record system. DesRoches, C. M., Campbell, E. G., Rao, S. R., Karen, D., Timothy, F. G., Jha, A., . . . Blumenthal, D. (2008, July 3). Electronic records in ambulatory care: A national survey of physicians. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(1), 50-60. doi:10.1056/ This article is a summary of statistics and results compiled from a survey of physicians in the US regarding the adoption of electronic health records. Documented in the survey are physician statistics and opinions in areas of usage, implementation, and satisfaction with the electronic health record systems. Issues addressed are quality of care, age groups of physicians who have adopted an electronic system and size of practices more apt to adopt electronic health records. The positive effects on practice processes, barriers that hinder adoption of electronic health records, incentives for and reservations with switching to electronic health records are included in the survey. I chose this source because it provides actual statistics of the usage of electronic health record systems as well as the diversity in physicians perceptions of the process, the systems, the benefits, and problems associated with compliance. Hayes, F. (2009, February 2). No Rx for ROI. Computer World, 43(5), 40. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=36487540site=ehost-live In this article, the senior news columnist addresses the issue of return on investment (ROI) for the adoption of electronic health records. The definition of ROI is given and how it applies to aspects of electronic health record adoption for physicians and hospitals is examined. Risks to, benefits of, and improvements needed regarding electronic health records are noted. The author confirms that those assuming the expenses for electronic health records will not be the ones reaping the benefits. I chose this article because it covers reflects my opinion one of the most important reasons for physician resistance to implementing the government mandated electronic health record system. Hoffmann, L. (2009, November). Implementing electronic medical records. Communications of the ACM, 52(11), 18-20. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=45021143site=ehost-live In this article, a basic history of George W. Bushs goals for every American to have an electronic health record is presented along with the progress of the government in making those goals real. Usage of electronic records is briefly mentioned. The article focuses on some major barriers and concerns of physicians for implementation and usage. The article also addresses some of the positive aspects for electronic health records. I chose this article because it provides concise overall answers to who, what, when, where, and why answers to the implementation of the electronic health record and health information technology.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Issue of Money in The Tempest and Othello :: William Shakespeare The Tempest Othello Essays

The Issue of Money in The Tempest and Othello The central issue depicted in both plays The Tempest and Othello is about money. Money in substantial amounts can represent great power and strength over the ruling nation. It plays a major role in our everyday society and one that is fully illustrated in both of Shakespeare’s play. Both of the plays are related to his matter, in that the subplot characters attempt to achieve high respect and, therefore, gain power and strength by deception. A parallelism can be drawn between the characters of Caliban, Trinculo and Stephano from The Tempest to Othello with Iago, Othello involved. Both of these scenes illustrate how the characters Caliban and Othello are easily fooled by deception. What these characters, from both plays, Trinculo and Stephano and Iago do have in common are their evil intentions and conspiracy’s to gain power by deceiving others to believe in them fully. Caliban, a half human and half beast, is easily fooled by the two men, the derivatives of a higher civilization. Trinculo and Stephano have to plans to turn every situation into their own advantage. Although, Caliban possesses much more intellect than those two roguish members labeled as â€Å"civilized†, he submits to the story that they help Caliban murder his deceitful master, Prospero. He declares that Prospero, a skillful magician has wrongfully taken over the island he had inherited from his mother Sycorax. Caliban is not at all appreciative of what Prospero gives to him because he says â€Å"You taught me language† (1,2,362) only and because he â€Å"must obey† (1,2,371) or else Prospero will inflict pain on him. Caliban immediately declares Trinculo and Stephano as his new master as he joyfully sings a song celebrating their initial meetings. Caliban is deceived into believing that Trinculo and Stephano will deliver their promises when in fact those two so called nobleman had another beneficial matter in mind. It is Stephano’s and Trinculo gift of liquor to Caliban that makes him believe that they are from a higher social class. In return Caliban has fallen from an almost intellect into the lowest social being, while Trinculo and Stephano have gained their respect, therefore they have the ability to take control over Caliban. In Othello, the same situation is drawn in that Othello and Caliban from The Tempest are both victimized because of their lack of judgement.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Digital Fortress Chapter 28

Senor Roldan was sitting behind his desk at Escortes Belen congratulating himself for deftly sidestepping the Guardia's newest pathetic attempt to trap him. Having an officer fake a German accent and request a girl for the night-it was entrapment; what would they think of next? The phone on his desk buzzed loudly. Senor Roldan scooped up the receiver with a confident flair. â€Å"Buenas noches, Escortes Belen.† â€Å"Buenas noches,† a man's voice said in lightning-fast Spanish. He sounded nasal, like he had a slight cold. â€Å"Is this a hotel?† â€Å"No, sir. What number are you dialing?† Senor Roldan was not going to fall for any more tricks this evening. â€Å"34-62-10,† the voice said. Roldan frowned. The voice sounded vaguely familiar. He tried to place the accent-Burgos, maybe? â€Å"You've dialed the correct number,† Roldan offered cautiously, â€Å"but this is an escort service.† There was a pause on the line. â€Å"Oh†¦ I see. I'm sorry. Somebody wrote down this number; I thought it was a hotel. I'm visiting here, from Burgos. My apologies for disturbing you. Good nigh-â€Å" â€Å"Espere! Wait!† Senor Roldan couldn't help himself; he was a salesman at heart. Was this a referral? A new client from up north? He wasn't going to let a little paranoia blow a potential sale. â€Å"My friend,† Roldan gushed into the phone. â€Å"I thought I recognized a bit of a Burgos accent on you. I myself am from Valencia. What brings you to Seville?† â€Å"I sell jewelry. Majorica pearls.† â€Å"Majoricas, reeaally! You must travel quite a bit.† The voice coughed sickly. â€Å"Well, yes, I do.† â€Å"In Seville on business?† Roldan pressed. There was no way in hell this guy was Guardia; he was a customer with a capital C. â€Å"Let me guess-a friend gave you our number? He told you to give us a call. Am I right?† The voice was obviously embarrassed. â€Å"Well, no, actually, it's nothing like that.† â€Å"Don't be shy, senor. We are an escort service, nothing to be ashamed of. Lovely girls, dinner dates, that is all. Who gave you our number? Perhaps he is a regular. I can give you a special rate.† The voice became flustered. â€Å"Ah†¦ nobody actually gave me this number. I found it with a passport. I'm trying to find the owner.† Roldan's heart sank. This man was not a customer after all. â€Å"You found the number, you say?† â€Å"Yes, I found a man's passport in the park today. Your number was on a scrap of paper inside. I thought perhaps it was the man's hotel; I was hoping to return his passport to him. My mistake. I'll just drop it off at a police station on my way out of-â€Å" â€Å"Perdon,† Roldan interrupted nervously. â€Å"Might I suggest a better idea?† Roldan prided himself on discretion, and visits to the Guardia had a way of making his customers ex-customers. â€Å"Consider this,† he offered. â€Å"Because the man with the passport had our number, he is most likely a client here. Perhaps I could save you a trip to the police.† The voice hesitated. â€Å"I don't know. I should probably just-â€Å" â€Å"Do not be too hasty, my friend. I'm ashamed to admit that the police here in Seville are not always as efficient as the police up north. It could be days before this man's passport is returned to him. If you tell me his name, I could see that he gets his passport immediately.† â€Å"Yes, well†¦ I suppose there's no harm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Some paper rustled, and the voice returned. â€Å"It's a German name. I can't quite pronounce it†¦ Gusta†¦ Gustafson?† Roldan didn't recognize the name, but he had clients from all over the world. They never left their real names. â€Å"What does he look like-in his photo? Perhaps I will recognize him.† â€Å"Well†¦Ã¢â‚¬  the voice said. â€Å"His face is very, very fat.† Roldan immediately knew. He remembered the obese face well. It was the man with Rocio. It was odd, he thought, to have two calls about the German in one night. â€Å"Mr. Gustafson?† Roldan forced a chuckle. â€Å"Of course! I know him well. If you bring me his passport, I'll see he gets it.† â€Å"I'm downtown without a car,† the voice interrupted. â€Å"Maybe you could come to me?† â€Å"Actually,† Roldan hedged, â€Å"I can't leave the phone. But it's really not that far if you-â€Å" â€Å"I'm sorry, it's late to be out wandering about. There's a Guardia precinct nearby. I'll drop it there, and when you see Mr. Gustafson, you can tell him where it is.† â€Å"No, wait!† Roldan cried. â€Å"The police really needn't be involved. You said you're downtown, right? Do you know the Alfonso XIII Hotel? It's one of the city's finest.† â€Å"Yes,† the voice said. â€Å"I know the Alfonso XIII. It's nearby.† â€Å"Wonderful! Mr. Gustafson is a guest there tonight. He's probably there now.† The voice hesitated. â€Å"I see. Well, then†¦ I suppose it would be no trouble.† â€Å"Superb! He's having dinner with one of our escorts in the hotel restaurant.† Roldan knew they were probably in bed by now, but he needed to be careful not to offend the caller's refined sensibilities. â€Å"Just leave the passport with the concierge, his name is Manuel. Tell him I sent you. Ask him to give it to Rocio. Rocio is Mr. Gustafson's date for the evening. She will see that the passport is returned. You might slip your name and address inside-perhaps Mr. Gustafson will send you a little thank you.† â€Å"A fine idea. The Alfonso XIII. Very well, I'll take it over right now. Thank you for your help.† David Becker hung up the phone. â€Å"Alfonso XIII.† He chuckled. â€Å"Just have to know how to ask.† Moments later a silent figure followed Becker up Calle Deliciasinto the softly settling Andalusian night.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Essay on The JudiciaryEssay Writing Service

Essay on The JudiciaryEssay Writing Service Essay on The Judiciary Essay on The JudiciaryThe case of Lopez vs. Smith resulted in the court’s ruling according to which the federal court may grant relief to prisoners, who is seeking relief, only on the ground of the violation of the Supreme Court’s ruling but not the ruling of the court at the state level. In this regard, the court’s ruling was grounded on the Article 3 of the US Constitution, which determines the judicial power of courts and jurisdiction of federal and state courts. At first glance, this court ruling is just but, in its essence, the court ruling leads to the federalization of the US criminal justice system, when the authority shifts toward the federal court, whereas state courts are deprived of their power.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact, the case of Lopez vs. Smith involved the attempt of the defendant to seek for federal habeas relief, after his attempts was denied by the state court of appeals. As the case proceeded, the Supreme Court of t he US has taken the final decision which stated that the prisoner could obtain relief only, if there was the violation of the Supreme Court’s ruling, whereas the defendant referred to the violation of the habeas relief at the state court level. This is why he appealed to the Supreme Court seeking the habeas relief, but the Supreme Court took the negative decision insisting that there was no violation of the Supreme’s court ruling.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This decision is unjust in terms of the redistribution of the judicial power between the federal and state courts. Alex Coolman (2014) insists that the Supreme Court’s ruling has triggered the aggressive federalization of the US court system with the shift of power toward the Supreme Court and federal courts at large, at cost of the power taken from state courts. Taking into account the autonomy of state courts and their jurisdiction, such a decision is unjust and limits their power within th eir states.

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

How to Format APA Citations

How to Format APA Citations How to Format APA Citations APA referencing – developed by the American Psychological Association – is used to cite sources in academic writing. But how does this system work? In this post, we take a look at APA citations, how to quote sources, and a few variations of the basic citation format you may need to know. 1. Basic APA Citations APA uses author–date citations (a form of parenthetical referencing). This means you cite a source by giving the surname of its author and the date of its publication in brackets: Many people use APA citations (Schreiber, 2001). As shown above, APA citations place a comma between the author’s name and the year. If the author is already named in the text, meanwhile, you only need to give the year in brackets: Schreiber (2001) states that many people use APA citations. This is the basic APA citation format for all sources with a single author. 2. Sources with More than One Author For sources with two authors, include both surnames in citations. The names should be joined by an ampersand if they are cited in brackets, but not when they appear in the main text: Two is company (Schreiber Harkin, 2011). According to Schreiber and Harkin (2011), two is company. When a source has three to five authors, the format is the same as above for the first citation. For instance: Three is a crowd (Schreiber, Harkin, Murray Ptaszynski, 2014). However, if you were to cite the same source again, you would use the first name plus â€Å"et al.† to prevent repetition. For example: Nobody yet knows what comes after a crowd (Schreiber et al., 2014). For sources with more than five authors, meanwhile, you should cite the first named author plus â€Å"et al.† in all citations, including the first one (full author information is still given in the reference list). 3. Organizational Authors Some sources, such as the website of a business, won’t have a named individual as an author. When this occurs, you can name a company or organization as the author: Missing citations can affect your grades (Proofed, 2018). This is known as citing an â€Å"organizational author.† If there is no organizational author available either, though, you may have to give the title of the source in the citation instead of an author. 4. Quoting Sources If you are quoting a source, you need to give a pinpoint citation. This means citing the page number(s) of the quoted passage: It is important to â€Å"provide evidence in essays† (Schreiber, 2001, p. 24). As shown above, you should give the page number(s) after a comma and â€Å"p.† when the author’s name is part of the citation. However, you should cite the page number separately when the author has been named in the text instead: Schreiber (2001) says we must â€Å"provide evidence in essays† (p. 24). The key is that page numbers always appear after the quotation. 5. Audiovisual Sources If you want to quote an audiovisual source, you need to cite a timestamp: The interviewee claimed that â€Å"video is the future† (Harkin, 2017, 21:34). Here, for example, the â€Å"21:34† in the citation shows that the quote comes from 21 minutes and 34 seconds into the recording. This replaces the page numbers cited when quoting a print source. 6. Multiple Sources in One Citation You can, if required, cite more than one source in a single set of brackets. All you need to do is place a semicolon between the citations, which should be ordered alphabetically by author surname: There is strong agreement on this issue among experts (Harkin, 2001; Ptaszynski, 1998; Schreiber, 2010). Citing more than one source at the same time like this can be useful if you need to show that multiple sources support the same argument. 7. Multiple Sources by the Same Author from the Same Year For most sources, the author’s surname and year of publication will be enough for the reader to find it in the reference list. However, if you are citing more than one source by the same author from the same year, you will need to provide extra information to help the reader. APA referencing does this by placing a letter after the year of publication: Publishing success can vary by year (Harkin, 2001a). Some years may see an author release multiple works, whereas other years may see them publish nothing at all (Harkin, 2001b). Here, we have two sources by Harkin from 2001. As such, we label these â€Å"2001a† and â€Å"2001b† in citations and in the reference list so readers can tell which citation points to which source. The letter used depends on the position of the source in the reference list, with sources from the same year ordered alphabetically by title. So, if we have two sources by Harkin from 2001, one called Analyzing APA and another called Myths of Referencing, the former would come first in the reference list and be cited as ‘2001a’, while the latter would come second and be cited as â€Å"2001b.† 8. More than One Author with the Same Surname Finally, if you cite separate sources by two authors who happen to have the same surname, you should add a first initial to citations so that your reader can tell them apart: Some surnames are very common (A. Smith, 1984). This can lead to confusion between people with the same surname (B. Smith, 2004). Adding this initial will help readers find the sources in your reference list.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Diversity among individuals Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Diversity among individuals - Assignment Example Nurses, patients, and other stakeholders play a fundamental role in both health promotion and health education. In light of this observation, it is important for these parties to embrace diversity and subsequently understand how diversity-related practices influence education. The aforementioned teaching principles, learning styles, and teaching methodologies aid in the understanding of critical issues in the health sector. In the process, these aspects make it possible for scholars to identify areas of education that make the highest difference in the society as far as health and education are concerned. Most importantly, teaching principles, learning styles, and teaching methodologies make it possible for education to target specific issues and problems that subsequently promote positive outcomes in both health promotion and disease prevention (Bensley & Brookins-Fisher, 2009). In a bid to overcome differing views, health care providers address disease prevention and health promotion from the community or local level upwards. Given that health concerns differ from one community to another, the idea is to have health care providers customize their approach to disease prevention and health promotion towards the community, local population, or the society they

Friday, November 1, 2019

Doryphoros and Augustus of Prima Porta Assignment

Doryphoros and Augustus of Prima Porta - Assignment Example The second style is a portrayal of actual Roman attributes with full body adornment and symbolizing authority. 2. Line- is used in Doryphoros and Augustus of Prima Porta to define the male body in its most proportional form; this is because this element is used to determine its size and shape (Janson & Janson, 2003). It is used to outline full body shape and curvatures while also defining the postures of the objects under study. Shape- In both the sculptures, the shapes come out because the sculptors divided the human body into different parts. They then designed all these and made sure they are proportionate when assembled into a whole. Texture and Balance- The images have a fine balance between relaxation and tension because of their postures; that creates harmony. The shades fade off very gently from one color code to the next making the balance and texture very clear; however, they have a simulated texture which makes the objects poses real textures. This is seen for instance in Augustine’s clothing and adornments. 3. The objects have a subject the sculptors wanted to pass across; The Doryphoros is a symbolism of male beauty with balanced body parts. Augustus of Prima Porta is a sculpture made by Tiberius in recognition of his father’s role in protecting their empire. 5. The artist message when making Doryphoros is a portrayal of a perfect male; this is coupled with nakedness which symbolizes civility thus bringing out a contrast with Greek’s backward neighbors. Augustus is personified as being a perfect ruler of the Roman Empire (Janson & Janson, 2003). He does this by giving him features of both strength and agility. He is compared to the powerful Greek gods as he wields authority which was essential in ruling the expansive empire and protecting it from foreign occupation.