Essay on Frankenstein Reflecting Mary Shelley’s Life...

The above quote by Bloom is an explanation of the view that all the gothic novels are interpretation of psychological and social factors and this is especially true in the case of Mary Shelley. Shelley began her novel at the age of 18 when the most prominent materials in the consciousness and unconsciousness of Shelley were concerned with the conflicts stemming from the death of her mother. Frankenstein is the outcome of Shelley’s unresolved grief for the death of her mother which was the crisis she needed to work through to forget her own adult identity. Mary was the daughter of a revolutionary author Mary Wollstonecraft who is regarded as one of the earliest feminist writers by the critics (Zimmerman, 2007, 65-123). By some of the†¦show more content†¦By the novel, Mary discusses several issues related to relationships which terrorize aspects of her personal life, including birth and childhood, the death of her mother, her miscarriage and new child and her coming across with the events which occurred in the summer of 1816 (see notes). Creation of â€Å"Frankenstein† â€Å"Frankenstein† by Mary Shelley was born out of the waking nightmare she had on June 16, 1816 (see notes 1 and 4). It was an intense vision that produced one of the greatest and powerful horror stories n the western literature, it is a story which assumed a mythic view as it taken into account the profound result concerning understanding of a man of his position in the world and the results of transgressing against nature and God (Gilbert, 2000, 1-4). On the time of conception of Frankenstein, Mary and Percy Shelley were living outside Geneva at a cottage on water at Cologny. They were the visitors at a nearby â€Å"villa diosatui† where Lord Byron and his physician, Clair Clairmont and John Polidori were living at that time. The group remained indoors due to an incessant rainfall. One of the evenings, when they were sitting around reading ghost stories, they agreed to write their own terrible tale (Zimmerman, 2007, 65-123). Mary tried to imagine such a story for several days to come with Frankenstein. Provided the very unconventional group of friends assembles that June, there is no surprise that a unique story of Frankenstein was created. 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Therefore, regardless of Frankensteins categorization being that of science fiction, Mary Shelley reveals her own fears and thoughts, and, as a result, reveals a great deal about the time and place in which she wrote. She mentions specific geographical locations throughoutRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture In Frankenstein By Mary Shelleys Frankenstein1158 Words   |  5 Pagesbehavior and development. The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley emphasises the idea that parents and families have a powerful influence on human behavior, which is demonstrated in the relationship between Creature and Victor. â€Å"Folding Beijing† written by Hao Jingfang takes a different perspective on the idea. Through her story she highlights the idea that economic forces shape who we are. Based on information from both Frankenstein and â€Å"Folding Beijing†, Mary Shelley’s novel demonstrates the more influentialRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein - Society’s Humanity and Oppression872 Words   |  4 PagesOppression in Frankensteinnbsp; nbsp; nbsp;What can stop the determined heart and resolved will of man? This question, posed by Captain Robert Walton on page 22 of Mary Shelleys immortal Frankenstein, lies susceptible to interpretation to mean the ambition of man in one sense, but in another, the collective persecution and prejudice inherent in mankind. nbsp; With austere, scientific accounting of human nature, Shelley documents how zealous Captain Walton rescued Victor Frankenstein, theRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein 1646 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a mishmash of stories within stories within a story, and several other texts are referenced within this amalgamation of literature. The intertextual links made in Frankenstein help to provide the reader with a greater insight into the mind of Mary Shelley and her most famous work. References to the text Paradise lost and Greek mythology in the development of characters adds depth to a tale of creation and destruction, causing the questions Shelley asks about humanityRead MoreThe Rude Awakening By Mary Shelley2059 Words   |  9 Pageschild’s first moments of light, a cry of innocents is quickly calmed by loving arms of an awaiting mother or father. This sense of creation provides an overwhelming sense of beauty, peace and acknowledgement to ones p urpose in life. In contrast Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein, creates a dark sinister disparity, breaking the boundaries of these human values. Her challenge, to create a story that would â€Å"curdle the blood and quicken the beatings of the heart (Shelley 23.)† Enveloped with a darkRead MoreIn Frankenstein, a man arrogantly takes on the responsibility of giving birth, and the female characters pay for his arrogance. How far and in what ways do you agree with this view?1137 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿In Frankenstein, a man arrogantly takes on the responsibility of giving birth, and the female characters pay for his arrogance. How far and in what ways do you agree with this view? Reading Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1831) from a feminist perspective brings to light many questions of moral and ethical importance, particularly those associated with the idea of the male protagonist taking on the birthing role as expressed in this view. I very much agree with the negative stance on his usurpation

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1116 Words

What the hell is going on in Salem? Everyday someone new is being accused of being a witch. No one is safe. Hide your kids; hide your wife, because they are accusing everyone around here. In the play, The Crucible, the Salem Witch Trials are taking place and many people are being falsely indicted of practicing witch craft. Thus, meaning many innocent individuals are being hanged because of the lies of four young girls. The Crucible, has many themes, but the most impactful one is hands down â€Å"Power Corrupts†. It outlines every little detail in the story of how Judge Danforth, Abigail, and Reverend Hale become evil and corrupt with the power they obtain throughout the plot of the story. In the play, Abigail is thought to be the ring leader of†¦show more content†¦Since Abigail knows people will have pity on her, she uses this to her advantage when she is talking to Parris about Goody Proctor, John Proctor’s wife, where she says, â€Å"She hates me uncle, she must, for I would not be her slave† (Miller 1132). When she says this, Abigail implies that everyone is attacking her by redundantly accusing her of practicing witch craft in the woods. In the end, Abigail triumphs everyone when her and Mercy Lewis run off together after they steal a lump sum of money from Parris’ secret saving stash. So whether or not Abigail is truly guilty, it doesn’t matter because she got away. Reverend Hale is also another character corrupted with power. When he is called into Salem to examine Parris’ daughter, Betty, he automatically thinks he is going to find sinister spirits within her with ease; especially when he states, â€Å"†¦Here are all your familiar spirits, your incubi, and succubi, your witches that go by land, by air, and by sea; your wizards of the night and of the day†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Miller 1150). By declaring this, Hale is giving the notion that Salem is full with witches and it will be a walk in the park extorting spirits there. Although his main purpose in Salem is to simply analyze Betty, he really wants to accuse Abigail because she is thought to be the frontrunner of the entire witch craft situation. This way he will receive

The Problems Of Solid Waste In Turkey Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(122) " Some occupants use specially produced plastic bags, but most use packaging plastic bags of assorted thickness and sizes\." Abstraction Municipal solid waste ( MSW ) is a major environmental job in Turkey, as in many developing states. Problems associated with municipal solid waste are hard to turn to, but attempts towards more efficient aggregation and transit and environmentally acceptable waste disposal continue in Turkey. Although rigorous ordinances on the direction of solid waste are in topographic point, crude disposal methods such as unfastened dumping and discharge into surface H2O have been used in assorted parts of Turkey. We will write a custom essay sample on The Problems Of Solid Waste In Turkey Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This article presents a brief history of the legislative tendencies in Turkey for MSW direction and the MSW duty and direction construction together with the present state of affairs of coevals, composing, recycling, and intervention. The consequences of several researches show that about 25 million ton of MSW are generated yearly in Turkey. About 77 % of the population receives MSW services. In malice of attempts to alter unfastened dumping countries into healthful landfills and to construct modern recycling and composting installations, Turkey still has over two 1000 unfastened mopess. Reappraisal of the Turkish legislative model in MSW direction In 1983, the Ministry of Environment in Turkey published Environmental Law 2872 as the first phase in order to better the environmental state of affairs in the state. However, there was no consensus on the best option for MSW direction in the jurisprudence. In 1991, the Solid Waste Control Regulation came into force in order to pull off solid waste. The ordinance played a cardinal function in solid waste aggregation, storage, conveyance, and disposal. The ordinance has been continuously updated. In add-on, Turkey developed ordinances for medical waste in 1993 and for risky waste in 1995. The Medical Waste Control Regulation established a basic action line for medical waste direction based on the aggregation, storage, conveyance, and disposal or reuse of the waste by its proprietor. Some types of waste, such as radioactive wastes, were excluded from that jurisprudence. The Hazardous Waste Control Regulation set the standards for the aggregation, conveyance, and concluding disposal of risky waste, including options for land filling or incineration, every bit good as the design standard and the operational regulations for healthful landfills and incinerators. The ordinance besides focuses on the minimisation of risky waste and encouragement of recycling. By legal definition, municipal solid waste includes all the waste originating from human activities that are usually solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. Municipal solid waste by and large consists of waste generated from residential to commercial countries, industries, Parkss, and streets [ 1 ] . In metropoliss in Turkey, community enterprises in solid waste direction are presently being supported by the municipal governments, who guide their activities harmonizing to the statute law and policies dictated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry ( MEF ) . The model of duty and direction of MSW in Turkey is shown in Figure 1. MSW comes from commercial services, industries, health care installations, and citizens in Turkey. Some private endeavors are responsible for the aggregation and conveyance of solid waste and for the sorting of individually collected packaging waste. After screening, the packaging waste is directed towards the recycling industry [ 2 ] . Fig. 1. Model of duty and direction of MSW in Turkey. MSW coevals and composing Until 1994, there were merely estimations of MSW coevals in Turkey because of the predomination of unfastened dumping and the trouble of entering MSW coevals. The absence of dependable informations and statistics for waste coevals and composing makes a regional and national rating of MSW direction hard. The Turkish State Statistical Institute has compiled statistics about MSW direction since 1994 [ 3 ] . In the 1960s, 3-4 million ton of municipal solid waste per twelvemonth was generated in Turkey. However, harmonizing to the Turkish State Statistical Institute ‘s 2004 database, about 25 million ton of MSW was generated yearly ( Figure 2 ) . Fig. 2. Sum of MSW collected in Turkey. Increasing population degrees, rapid economic growing, and the rise in community life criterions will speed up the hereafter solid waste coevals rate in Turkey. The sum of MSW per capita in the summer and winter seasons from 1994 to 2004 is given in Figure 3. The coevals rate per capita varies well from the summer season to the winter season. As seen in Fig. 3, in the 1990s Turkey generated a higher sum of MSW in the summer than in the winter. MSW coevals rates in summer and in winter are 1.30 and 1.29 kg/cap/day in 2004, severally. This is a consequence of the decreasing use of fossil fuel for day-to-day warming. Fig. 3. Sum of MSW per capita ( kg/cap/day ) Technologies in usage for managing and intervention of MSW Collection and transit of MSW There are 3225 municipalities in Turkey, and 16 of them are metropolitan municipalities. A sum of 3028 municipalities have solid waste direction services. The population having solid waste services from 1994 to 2004 is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen, the per centum of the population having solid waste services increased from 71 % in 1994 to 77 % in 2004 ( Fig. 4 ) . Fig. 4. Percentage of entire population having solid waste services of Turkey. However, the per centum of municipalities roll uping and transporting solid waste in the municipalities is 95 % . In most of the colony units of Turkey, the aggregation and transit constituents of MSW direction are by and large good organized. The municipalities spend all of their attempts and budgets for these services. There are two types of aggregation systems in the municipal countries of Turkey [ 4 ] . Collection Systems of MSW 1. Curb Side Pickup This system is operated in the cardinal parts of the metropoliss and big towns. In this aggregation system, a solid waste aggregation vehicle Michigans at each edifice to pick up the garbage, either in plastic bags or in kitchen bins. Where this system is operated, the waste is collected daily or twice a twenty-four hours. Some occupants use specially produced plastic bags, but most use packaging plastic bags of assorted thickness and sizes. You read "The Problems Of Solid Waste In Turkey Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" The kitchen bins used by the occupants of most parts are non standard, either in size or in fabricating stuff. 2. Community Bin System This system is normally practiced in little colonies and the ill developed peripheral parts of urban countries. Depending on the population of an country, community bins with assorted non-standard sizes and theoretical accounts are placed on the streets, and waste from these bins is collected by assorted types of vehicles, runing from tractors to compactors. The bins are by and large emptied or replaced in some municipalities two or three times a hebdomad. Due to the addition of population and rapid urbanisation, the roads in the peripheral parts in some urban Centres are really hapless, so the aggregation vehicles can non make the community bins in these countries during rainy periods and therefore the community bins can non be emptied on a regular basis. The MSW from these countries by and large contains high concentrations of putrescent affair, which makes them peculiarly prone to do aesthetic and environmental perturbations to neighboring populations, particularly when the commun ity bins or poulet bins are non emptied within 48 H of adding the garbage to the bins. Medical waste from healthcare constitutions to other risky wastes are by and large put into the community bins alternatively of being collected individually by specially designed trucks and workers. However, some municipalities individually apply aggregation and transit systems, particularly municipalities with high populations. A little sum of medical waste is disposed by firing in Turkey. The infective solid waste, together with MSW, is by and large discharged to dumping countries of municipalities. Municipalities use their ain vehicles for solid waste aggregation and transit. Both the aggregation and transit services are performed by the same vehicles. By and large, transportation theoretical accounts are non used in Turkey. The aggregation and transit vehicles are by and large trucks with capacities of 3.5-7 ton. Tractors are besides used in many countries in big metropoliss. Disposal of MSW In many metropoliss in Turkey, lacks in the proviso of waste services are the consequence of unequal fiscal resources, direction, and proficient accomplishments of municipalities and authorities governments to cover with the rapid growing in demand for services. Methods of disposal of solid waste, harmonizing to the Turkish State Statistical Institute ‘s 2004 database, are shown diagrammatically in Figure 5. Fig. 5. MSW disposal methods in Turkey There are 16 healthful landfills, five composting workss ( three of which are being actively operated ) , and three incineration workss in Turkey. In 2004 25,013,521 ton of MSW were collected, whereas 7,002,000, 351,000, and 8000 ton were disposed of in healthful landfills, composted, and incinerated, severally. A sum of 17,661,254 ton of waste was disposed of without any control. There are typically a big figure of scavengers at garbage bins in Turkey. The stuffs collected are subjected to some degree of intermediate processing, such as separating, rinsing and drying. The rescued stuffs re so sold to decline traders, who further separate the stuffs and sell them to allow processing/ recasting Millss and mills. It is estimated that about 10-15 % of MSW is recycled by scavengers. Agreements in Management Strategies and Duties The conventional waste aggregation and disposal system in Turkey consists of refuse trucks and unfastened dumping. However, the tendency for disposal of MSW is towards implementing waste recreation and making an integrated MSW direction system. An incorporate system requires many direction options, such as beginning decrease, kerb side recycling, material recovery, waste-to-energy, healthful land filling, and composting. Physical and chemical informations can be analyzed to find the physical makeup and the chemical content of the MSW watercourse consecutive, supplying of import information for MSW direction systems. Although the physical composing analysis may straight back up the appraisal of material recovery, kerb side recycling, and composting, the energy content may greatly back up the probe of the thermic intervention potency. Bettering the criterion of direction and operation of some bing installations at much lower cost may offer considerable betterment in environmental publi c presentation. Additionally, puting out a plan of planned closing and redress of the most contaminated garbage dumps will represent an early measure in the development of the national waste scheme [ 5 ] . Co-disposal of MSW with risky medical and industrial wastes creates a great concern for public wellness. From this point of position, the execution of solid waste direction schemes will cut down the hazard of environmental pollution. In Turkey, a negligible sum of MSW is presently being recycled. Ill organized aggregation systems for recoverable wastes, deficiency of support, and low inclination of occupants to segregate waste are factors impacting the efficiency of recovery. If there are no recycling plans in metropoliss, it is of import for waste directors to find the per centum of recyclables in the waste watercourse, every bit good as what per centum of these recyclables is marketable. If metropoliss have had recycling plans, the sum of reclaimable stuff could supply valuable information by placing the gaining control rates in recycling Centres. Municipalities are responsible for guaranting that the waste generated y their occupants and constitutions is collected and dece ntly managed. A major job is the current hapless status of the economic system in Turkey. The sum of financess available from municipal budgets for MSW betterments should be increased. Costss and Financing of MSW Collection and Recovery Operations Cost informations on solid waste direction in Turkey is normally extremely controversial and complicated due to the nature of the topic. The cost informations is farther complicated by the particulars of the Municipal Region and the cost accounting methodological analysis employed. In order to give an thought of how dearly-won the MSW intervention is, an illustration from a recent survey is given below [ 6 ] . In this case, two separate Municipal cost analyses have been conducted. The first one covered Municipal aggregation and conveyance costs whereas the other one is basically an economic public presentation analysis of two small-medium scale stuff recovery installations. The first set of information was collected from 24 selected Municipalities from the Aegean Coast of Turkey. The set of informations includes merely the aggregation and conveyance costs of municipal solid waste ( Table 1 ) . Table 1. Cost informations for municipal solid waste aggregation and disposal Table 2. Cost appraisal for a medium sized metropolis broad recycling programme for Turkey Premises: Population: 1.0 million, MSW: 1000 tons/day, % reclaimable waste: 20 % sum recycable waste: 200 tons/day, engagement rate: 45 % , material recovery: 90 tons/day. In order to do comparative appraisal and derive some commercial penetration towards the separate aggregation programmes, cost informations has been gathered from separate aggregation programmes in Turkey. The information on cost of aggregation and sorting has been summarized in Table 2 for a medium-to-large metropolis. An mean population is estimated to be 1.0 million. Based on the elaborate waste analysis, a cost/revenue analysis for a metropolis broad recycling programme is made. The analysis given in Table 2 indicates that grosss are sufficient to cover the general operational costs of material recovery installations if operated at full capacities. Depending on the beginning composing or depending on the aggregation method employed, a comparatively acceptable commercial net income can be retained. In Table 2, costs points are categorized with different types of aggregation methodological analysis. Collections through bring-centres outputs comparatively high investing costs and low operational costs, whereas door-to-door aggregation of reclaimable stuffs by plastic bags has the lowest investing cost. However the go oning ingestion of plastic bags outputs comparatively higher operational costs. Decision and Suggestions Based on the consequences of TURKSTAT [ 7 ] , it can be concluded that MSW direction is a major job confronting municipalities. The one-year waste coevals additions in proportion to the rise in the population and urbanisation, and issues related to disposal have become ambitious as more land is needed or the ultimate disposal of solid waste. Open mopess can be damaging to the urban environment. In malice of attempts to alter unfastened mopess into healthful landfills and to construct modern recycling and composting installations, Turkey still has over 2000 unfastened mopess. The Solid Waste Control Regulation is applied decently in the phases of aggregation and transit, but the chief job is the readying of healthful landfills and rehabilitation of unfastened mopess because of deficient funding. Currently, electricity production from waste incineration is instead low in Turkey. This is because several of incineration workss lack the capacity to bring forth electricity. Determining met hods of concluding waste disposal requires an apprehension of the makeup of the MSW watercourse. A MSW decision- support system based on incorporate solid waste direction should be developed for metropoliss in Turkey. The sum of solid waste collected in Turkey in 2004 was 25,013,521 ton ; 27.99 % , 1.4 % , and 03 % of MSW is disposed of in healthful landfills, composted, and incinerated, severally. This indicates that 70.57 % of the entire sum of MSW was disposed of without any control. In Turkey, MSW is largely composed of domestic residues, and its composing varies by season. Solid waste generated by and large consists of a high organic fraction because of high ingestion of veggies and fruits. In rural countries, the ash content is higher due to the usage of ranges for heating intents in the winter. In Turkey, as in many developing states, there is a deficiency of organisation and planning in MSW direction due to deficient information about ordinances and due to fiscal limitations. In the short term, the best policy might be to go forth disposal methods without any controls, and utilize the resources available to upgrade them with environmental protection systems. In the long term, the building of new healthful landfill countries, composting, and incineration installations could be planned. Public engagement and consciousness are besides of import issues in accomplishing the ends of the suggested direction system, but it is hard and takes a long clip to do people cognizant of the importance and of the rules of the proposed direction system and to consequence their engagement. The reappraisal of municipal and family solid waste statistics in Turkey indicates that mean family waste coevals per capita is 0.6 kg/day and mean municipal solid waste is 0.95 kg/day. The composing of municipal solid waste varies by the beginning of waste ; nevertheless in all instances organic components histories for more than 50 % of municipal solid waste. Detailed cost analyses indicate that stuff recovery installations are normally self sufficient if operated at their established capacities, whereas initial investing to put up large-scale aggregation and recovery strategies still remains to be the major barrier that the municipalities have to get the better of. How to cite The Problems Of Solid Waste In Turkey Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Why Is Visual Literacy Important free essay sample

In our text and through Brian Kennedy and the video Visual Literacy: Why we need It! the definition of Visual Literacy Is revealed. We also realize that It Is a language that such as music It Is universal as we as people can interpret and see what the message of the Image Is all about. Brian Kennedy defined Visual Literacy as: The ability to construct meaning from Images (Kennedy, 2010). We see an Image and we can create a meaning In regards of that image and we can tell ourselves or others what the image is all about. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Visual Literacy Important or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In our textbook visual literacy involves the competent creation and consumption of visual messages. These activities require not only the physical ability of sight but the cognitive abilities of attention, perception, critical thinking, evaluation, and synthesis with other sensory information and experiences (Ryan, 2012). Therefore what we see is that in our textbook that Visual Literacy is the creation and consumption of images that need to be seen and that a person basically needs to have the ability to define, evaluate and feel what the image is all about.Kennedys definition is straight and simple to develop a meaning from the Image. We do need the cognitive ability to think and evaluate In order to define what the Image Is and what it represents. As In regards of what Visual Literacy means to me Is the way we can define and Interpret what an image is and the message it is providing to the viewer. When we look at Visual Literacy we can truly say it is a universal language. We can say it is because we can see what the image is and what it is trying to tell us. It is communicating to us in silent form, but we are the ones that give it a voice or a text.An image is something that we see and image is something that can be imagined and we can see what it means to us and what it represents to every one of us. Just like music in where we can hear a melody or what the singer is saying to the audience we can define what it means, we can do the same with an image. Visual Literacy can impact communication and global understanding through allowing us the viewer to see what is going on, to see what the place or the word represents. We can see and feel what he Image Is displaying to us and what It represents.We can all have different definitions or meanings to what the Image means to us because we all think differently. One thing is that the image provided an impact to every single one of us. Will allow many others of different nationalities and beliefs to see what the image is representing. Visual Literacy is a universal language that allows us to provide a meaning or that it gives a meaning to the subject in a silent form. Visual Literacy is something that allows us to look at something in this case an image such as a hotplate and us as the viewer can define what it means.

Age Difference In Society Social Work Essay Essay Example

Age Difference In Society Social Work Essay Essay Example Age Difference In Society Social Work Essay Essay Age Difference In Society Social Work Essay Essay Today s society is extremely witting of age difference. There are certain rights and limitations which determine what persons are allowed to make at different ages. For illustration, society defines the ages at which we can get down school, thrust, have sex, ballot, marry, purchase a house, retire, acquire a pension, travel by coach for free etc. Furthermore, we all have sentiments, based on the thought of age difference, about what behaviours are appropriate at certain ages. These are called age norms . They have a profound influence on our opinion and behavior. Society is continuously doing opinions or distinguishing about what is deemed appropriate behavior at a given age. Our mundane societal judgements are often age based, even if we consciously deny it ( J.Macnicol, 2006 pp.3 ) Age distinction is non needfully discriminatory in a negative sense. Differential intervention may be based on existent grounds of age-related differences which would warrant it for illustration, statute law to protect vulnerable kids. This research paper aims to look at what age favoritism is, what constitutes to age favoritism, the Torahs around age favoritism ( chiefly in the United Kingdom ) , Consequences for those affected by agism, how agism comes approximately and how it can be avoided. While some signifiers of favoritism such as racism and sexism have received widespread and in-depth attending, issues of age favoritism continue to have a comparatively low profile. ( Thompson, S. 2005 ) . Ageism is a term that is usually associated with older people nevertheless agism refers to unjust favoritism on the evidences of age so in rule agism can happen at any age ( Thompson, N. ( 2005 ) The demand to turn to age favoritism has been recognised for rather some clip and, in several states, policies to help older workers day of the month back to the 1920s and earlier. Legislation against age favoritism, nevertheless, is more recent and has been in operation longest in the United States ( US ) , where it was introduced some 30 old ages ago. It is interesting to observe that, while the job of age favoritism has been acknowledged for some clip, merely a few states have introduced statute law to forbid such behavior. Even in these states, the debut of this statute law came some old ages after the debut of statute law forbiding gender and race Introduction and drumhead findings vivii favoritism. This was the instance in the US, Australia and the Republic of Ireland. Discrimination in employment By far the largest figure of studies received concerned employment although they found grounds of favoritism in all these countries. They besides invited studies from older people of their daily experience of age favoritism. Peoples reported being: refused redundancy payments denied the same chances as younger people bullied by co-workers forced to retire before they were ready rejected for employment on the footing of their age compelled to take lower-paid, short-run, impermanent or voluntary occupations Discrimination in employment There are many studies of age favoritism in employment. This may be because there is frequently an expressed age saloon which is non the same in other countries wellness attention, for illustration where favoritism can be more elusive or concealed, and may travel unrecognized by its victims. Age favoritism can hold a really negative impact on mental wellness. Older people reported to Help the Aged cases of depression, defeat, experiencing devalued or rejected, lost assurance, belittling and humiliation, every bit good being excluded and exploited. You will be sing other facets of age favoritism subsequently in this acquisition object but next you can research what underlies negative favoritism the wider construct of agism. Direct and indirect favoritism You have looked at some staff attitudes and related behaviors. Like agism, age favoritism in wellness and societal attention can besides ensue from institutionalized policies and patterns. It may take direct or indirect signifiers ( Levenson, 2003 ; Roberts, Robinson and Seymour, 2002 ) . Direct age favoritism This occurs when people are treated otherwise or denied services because of their chronological age ( e.g. age-related standards for intensive attention beds ) . Indirect age favoritism This happens where a service or pattern has no expressed age prejudice, but there is still a disproportional impact on a peculiar age group who are thereby disadvantaged. ( e.g. hard physical entree to edifices, or clinics held in topographic points ill served by conveyance: factors which can adversely impact everyone, but peculiarly older people ) Age favoritism consequences from agism which is a signifier of bias. Age favoritism can be direct, which occurs when a individual is treated less favorably because of their age. But favoritism can besides happen indirectly, that is, when attention is offered in such a manner that older people are disadvantaged because they are disproportionately affected. Discrimination occurs at many degrees, from the system-wide ( see Box ) to the person. It is deserving emphasizing that favoritism is non needfully unjust, so, positive favoritism is a good established mechanism for turn toing inequalities in wellness. For illustration, people over 60 are entitled to free prescriptions and eyesight trials and the procedure of apportioning resources for wellness and societal attention is weighted by the proportion of older people resident in the local population. It is believed that with age comes wisdom, cognition and life experience. Bing a immature societal work pupil myself and holding personally faced age favoritism led me to derive an involvement and passion for this subject. Since get downing my societal work grade I have been funny as to whether my experiences were isolated or if this is an reoccurring and familiar issue with other immature societal workers and societal work. . When one thinks of favoritism within Social Work it is more frequently thought of the services users being the 1s discriminated against, but as the coevalss move on and there is more of an upspring of immature freshly qualified societal workers, one wonders what sort of inequalities do they face as opposed to the older societal worker? This survey forms the thesis portion of a BA in societal work being undertaken at UEL by the research worker named above. It aims to set up whether or non immature societal workers ( 18-25years ) face age favoritism and if so what may impute to this and what can be done to forestall them being discriminated against. The purpose is to inform the university pedagogues and professionals working in the societal work and wellness and societal attention country. What is a Social Worker? When finding the function of a 1 would sort them as being professionals that work with persons and households potentially seeking to better their lives. Some of this persons may be vulnerable and need aid or protection from things such as injury or maltreatment. This may be assisting to protect vulnerable people from injury or maltreatment or back uping people to populate independently. Social workers are trained and qualified with a Degree in Social Work, or a Diploma of Social Work ( which now no longer exists, holding been replaced by the grade ) . Social workers support people, act as advocators and direct people to the services they may necessitate. Social workers frequently work in multi-disciplinary squads alongside wellness and instruction professionals.A They have to be registered ( with the General Social Care Council ( England ) ; the Care Council for Wales ; the Northern Ireland Social Care Council or Scottish Social Services Council ) and adhere to a professional codification of pattern. Those societal workers who do non adhere to the codifications of pattern face a behavior hearing and could be struck off the registry and non allowed to pattern as a societal worker. This ensures that people utilizing societal work services or service users as they are besides known can hold faith in the professionals entrusted to work with them. Social workers work with a assortment of people including: vulnerable older people kids with disablements adolescents with mental wellness jobs immature wrongdoers grownups with larning disablements people with intoxicant or other dependences refugees and refuge searchers people who are socially excluded Social workers normally have a caseload a figure of instances of individuals/families who they work with at any one clip. Their work, entails visits to service users, appraisals, organizing bundles of support, doing recommendations or referrals to other services and bureaus, maintaining elaborate records and take parting in multi-disciplinary squad meetings. Valuess of a NQSW and more experience SW difference of values of School departer as opposed to one in the profession already. pupils which could hold earnestly impacted on my calling patterned advance. IThe justification to as to why I choose to look into age favoritism for immature societal workers Young societal workers that has faced age favoritism antecedently and I am interested to look into this subject farther as I want to cognize if this a familiar issue with other immature societal workers. What is Age Discrimination? What is Life Experience? Background Ageism and Age Discrimination 4.1 Ageism 4.1.1 Ageism is chiefly an attitude of head which may take to age favoritism. Age favoritism, on the other manus, is a behavioral procedure with results that may be measured, assessed and compared. 4.1.2 aˆÂ ¦ageism is used to depict stereotypes and biass held about older people on the evidences of their age. Age favoritism is used to depict behavior where older people are treated unevenly ( straight or indirectly ) on evidences of their age. ( Ray, Sharp and Abrams, 2006 ) 4.1.3 The first recorded usage of the term agism was in an article in 1969 by Robert Butler. ( Butler, 1969 ) 4.1.4 Ageism is a set of beliefs aˆÂ ¦ associating to the ageing procedure. Ageism generates and reinforces a fright and belittling of the ageing procedure, and pigeonholing givens sing competency and the demand for protection. In peculiar, agism legitimates the usage of chronological age to tag out categories of people who are consistently denied resources and chances that others enjoy, and who suffer the effects of such belittling, runing from wellaˆ?meaning backing to unambiguous smear . ( Bytheway, 1995 aˆ? citing Bytheway and Johnson, 1990 ) 4.1.5 Some authors consider age favoritism to be a aspect of agism itself. ( Ray, Sharp and Abrams, 2006 ) Ageism may be seen as holding an affectional constituent ( feelings ) , a cognitive constituent ( beliefs and stereotypes ) and a behavioral constituent ( favoritism ) . ( Nelson, 2002 ; Palmore, Branch and Harris, 2005 ) Ageism may be positive or negative. ( Reed et Al, 2006 ) 4.1.6 Ageism is broader than age favoritism. It refers to deeply frozen negative beliefs about older people and the ripening procedure, which may so give rise to age favoritism. ( McGlone and Fitzgerald, 2005 ) 4.1.7 Ageism may besides be used to mention to any determination devising on the footing of age. Tsuchya, analyzing public attitudes to favoritism on the footing of age in wellness service determination devising, identifies Ageism, as an attitude of head, can be measured utilizing psychometric trials, most notably the Aging Semantic Differential ( Rosencranz and McNevin, 1969 ) and the Fraboni Scale of Ageism ( Fraboni, Saltstone and Hughes, 1990 ) . Measures of this type by and large find that agism gets less as people get older and that work forces are more ageist than adult females. ( Rupp, Vodanovich and Crede , 2005 ) Ageism is a signifier of oppressiom which consequences from persons being discriminated against strictly on the evidences of their age. 4.2 Age Discrimination 4.2.1 Age favoritism is an indefensible difference in intervention based entirely on age. The significance of age is by and large understood although, within statute law, different age scopes may use in different legal powers. 4.2.2 In definitions of favoritism within statute law, a figure of states distinguish direct and indirect favoritism 4.2.2.1 Direct age favoritism occurs when a direct difference in intervention based on age can non be justified. A direct difference in intervention is a state of affairs in which a individual is, was or could be treated in a less favorable mode than another individual in a comparable state of affairs based on his/her age. 4.2.2.2 Indirect favoritism occurs when a apparently impersonal proviso, step or pattern has harmful reverberations on a individual. ( Belgium aˆ? Discrimination Act of February 25, 2003 ; Ireland aˆ? Equal Status Act 2000aˆ?2004 ) It besides shows how this signifier of favoritism goes mostly unnoticed and has become part of the wallpaper , even to the extent that those who are discriminated against are either unaware of the favoritism, or recognize it but experience themselves undeserving of anything better. The capableness attack ( Sen 1985 ; Sen 1993 ; Sen 1999 ) , focuses on guaranting that people have the same substantial freedoms, that is, the capableness to accomplish the same results should they take to make so. In this manner, equality of capableness requires history and compensation for all factors on the above list, apart from penchants and attempt. In side6 stepping many of the jobs and issues with the equality rules summarised above, the capableness attack has gained important policy entreaty ( Burchardt, 2006 ) . Methodology Data Collection: Limitations- the research worker Datas Analysis: Self-administered in-depth questionnaire were the chosen method for the aggregation of informations as opposed to an in-depth interview. This was partially due to the fact that it was ; a ) cheaper to administrate travel costs b ) It was less clip devouring as it was quicker to administrate. Fought against geographically issues- convenience for both the research worker and the participant can reply when they want, and at the yesteryear that they want. By utilizing a qualitative attack to the research one aimed to garner a greater apprehension of age favoritism for younger Social Workers and supply significances as to what it is, why it may happen and the future effects. One will seek to non generalize the replies provided within my analysis It was felt that a aggregation of primary informations via questionnaires was best suited for the research as it Describe and warrant my research methods- brand mention to literature in the field where possible Describe how and when research was carried out Describe the context and topics of the research Describe how information was organised and analysed Discuss any methodological ( practical issues ) issues I developed my subject around immature Social Workers into a research inquiry I used: It will necessitate a batch of cross-referencing and categorising ( Miles and Huberman -121 ) self-completion questionnaires aimed to acquire in-deptwith closed to acquire a better penetration replies started single sentiments allowed me to analyze whether at that place running subjects more dependable if people added their ain sentiments. unfastened inquiries the ground I used self-completion questionnaire over structured interview first manus informations analysis web log forum sample size pupils /professionals Purposeful sampling of the participants was used in an effort to set up a good correspondence between the research inquiry and the trying fundamentally the participants involved were specific and relevant to the research inquiry. In order to protect the participants confidentiality and the information provided, one will take safeguards such as ( Data Protection Act 1998, pp.119 ) ; non maintaining informations for longer than it required for, maintain all informations and other information secure, protect participant individuality by altering names/locations etc .. ( Holmes, 2004pp.120 ) Sampling technique Questions made them open .easy to read and simple Decided against carry oning interviews as I waned to roll up informations in a more convenient and un-obstructive manner ( Burnet. J pp.9 ) As empirical informations on its ain is non plenty ( Burnet. J pp62 ) , one had to look to theoretical models to research and possible justify the inquiries and replies. Narrative research or action research- based around the two Qualitative method of research was used as one aimed to research a deeper apprehension around the significances, feelings, attitudes perceptual experiences and apprehensions around age favoritism within Younger Social Workers. The How I am traveling to analyze the informations What I am looking for running subjects Finally the ascertained consequences are traveling to be compared to the information found from my literature reappraisal and pp.198 A three-step cryptography procedure will be taken to analyze the informations 1 ) measure one-open cryptography ; this will affect an initial running through of the collected information. 2 ) Measure two, Axial cryptography ; this involves set uping all of the coded sections in relation to one another. 3 ) Step three, Selective cryptography ; this will affect revisiting and reexamining the information and placing the most relevant pieces for farther work. This survey forms the thesis portion of a BA in societal work being undertaken at UEL by the research worker named above. It aims to set up whether or non immature societal workers ( 18-25years ) face age favoritism and if so what may impute to this and what can be done to forestall them being discriminated against. The purpose is to inform the university pedagogues and professionals working in the societal work and wellness and societal attention country. Restrictions: One was non able to roll up a huge sum of soft informations in footings of ocular sounds this would hold been peculiarly effectual when pp121. The gender of the participants was non justified this may hold opened up different avenues in footings of analysis. The demographic information of the participants was non included ; this could hold impacted on the analysis of the research nevertheless this was done to maximize confidentiality and protect the participants. Restrictions to my informations aggregation: There was a greater hazard to losing informations via partially/unanswered inquiries due to a deficiency of supervising or suggestion. Bryan, 2008 explores an interesting point around participants happening it easier to actively to make up ones mind to non reply peculiar inquiries when on their ain due to a deficiency of relevancy to them or merely because they feel that the inquiry is deadening. Literature Review The Laws Around Age Discrimination: Since 1st October 2006, it has been improper for employers and others to know apart against a individual on the footing of his/her age unlike in the US, where ordinances give protection to older workers, the UK regulations apply to all age groups. The UK regulations were originally implemented by The Employment Equality ( Age ) Regulations 2006, but have been incorporated into the Equality Act 2010. The Equality ActA 2010 the bulk in force 1 October 2010 This Act repeals the Employment Equality ( Age ) Regulations 2006 every bit good as several other major pieces of favoritism statute law. It harmonises favoritism jurisprudence in England, Wales and Scotland ( note, non Northern Ireland ) . The Act is being implemented in phases and the bulk of it is in force as of 1 October 2010. The Act may besides widen the prohibition on age favoritism to the proviso of goods and services. As of September 2010, the Coalition is still sing whether to implement this facets of the Equality Act 2010. Click on this nexus for theA Equality Act 2010. What Constitutes Ageism? Effectss of Ageism: It is believed that when one is oppressed against due to their age it can potentially impede their self-pride. Social Constructionism: This is an attack, which challenges the impression that societal definitions and functions are fixed and natural invariables Burr ( 1995 ) It focuses on how we imbue constructs with intending harmonizing to how we understand the universe around us, and that these significances are merely specific to a peculiar cultural or historic context. Pp.6-7 Types of Discrimination: The Age ordinances adopt similar definitions to those applied in most other strands of anti-discrimination jurisprudence. There are four types of favoritism: Direct DiscriminationA where an employer, on the evidences of a individual s age ( or evident age ) , treats him/her less favorably than others are or would be treated. So a refusal to interview anyone over the age of 50 would about surely represent direct favoritism. There is a possible defense mechanism in that it is possible to handle some less favorably than others if the intervention is a proportionate agencies of accomplishing a legitimate purpose this is the alleged objective justification trial which does non look in sex, race and sexual orientation favoritism where a much narrower genuine occupational demand justification operates Indirect DiscriminationA this applies where an employer imposes or operates ( and can non objectively warrant ) a proviso, standard or pattern which puts people of a peculiar age or age group at a disadvantage. For a individual to successfully claim, they must hold really been put to a disadvantage. So a demand for, say, 10 old ages gross revenues experience would put those below the age of around 28 at a disadvantage. So unless that length of experience can be objectively justified, indirect favoritism will hold occurred. HarassmentA this is defined as behavior by one or more individuals which, on the evidences of age, has the intent or consequence of go againsting person s self-respect and/or of making an intimidating, hostile, degrading, mortifying or violative environment. Such behavior might be name-calling, unwanted violative gags, verbal maltreatment and/or disregarding. There can be no objective justification of torment and it is basically the perceptual experience of the victim that counts. The lone possible defense mechanism is that the alleged victim is being oversensitive and the behavior complained of was accidental and could non moderately be taken as violative. Note that bullying , as such is non a class of favoritism, but strong-arming behavior, if based on age, could surely be regarded as torment. VictimisationA this is less favorable intervention of person, non specifically due to their age, ( which would amount to direct favoritism ) , but because they have done one or more of four alleged protected Acts of the Apostless : brought proceedings under the Age favoritism Regulations ; given grounds or information in connexion with proceedings brought be person else ; made allegations that the Regulations have or may hold been contravened ; or done anything else under or by mention to the Regulations. The Positions of Younger Social Workers Social Work The Change from Diploma to Degree: In September 2004, a three-year societal work grade was put in topographic point in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Scots governmentA introduced a four twelvemonth grade. The degree programmes replaced the biennial Diploma in Social Work with the purpose of raising criterions of pattern in societal work and hiking the profession. Peoples desiring to set about the societal work degree necessitate to demo that they have an apprehension of societal work and will necessitate some experience of societal work or societal attention prior to analyzing. This experience can be achieved through paid-for work, work arrangements or scenes, life experience ( some people may hold been a full-time carer to a friend or relation at place see subdivision on carers, in our FAQ s, below, which has given them an penetration into societal work ) or volunteering. It is besides possible to analyze while you work ( see subdivision on parttime perusal ) . On the degree class, you will larn about the function of societal work and the assortment of statute law which is applicable to societal work, moralss and values. There is a large accent on practical acquisition and a 200-day arrangement is portion of the class in order for you to set your theoretical acquisition into pattern. Social workers need accomplishments in problem-solving, communicating, working with others and forbearance. On the class you will larn about jurisprudence, partnership working, appraisal, intercession, mental wellness and disablement issues. The entry demand for each class differs, so you need to research what the minimal demand for the class is at each higher instruction establishment and in each UK state. As a regulation of pollex in England you will necessitate 5 GCSE s class A* to C, including English and Maths, and 2 A-levels, but the demand can be higher in other parts of the UK. In Scotland, the minimal entry standards for the grade tends to be 4 Highers and in Northern Ireland, 3 B-Grade A-levels or higher. Who is attracted to Social Work: New figures show a pronounced upturn in pupils fall ining societal work grade classs in Scotland, harmonizing to the Scottish Social Services Council. Early indicants suggest an 8 % addition in admittances in 2009/10 compared with the old twelvemonth, conveying this twelvemonth s entire consumption up to 700 pupils. A lifting tendency of admittances appears to hold been accompanied by increasing Numberss of younger appliers to societal work grades. Following a determination to raise the age barrier which prevented school departers from using, the proportion of appliers in the 16-24 age group swelled from 31 % in 2006/7 to 41 % in 2008/9. Numbers of handicapped appliers are besides increasing, the SSSC says. It is promoting to see more people taking societal work as a calling, says Anna Fowlie, SSSC main executive. We have a committedness to widening the engagement of people in societal work amongst under-represented groups so that the work force more accurately reflects the diverseness of our communities. Recent research by the SSSC and the Association of Directors of Social Work showed that public perceptual experiences of societal work were bettering. It found that 47 % of respondents viewed societal work positively, compared with 38 % the old twelvemonth. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.basw.co.uk/news/rise-in-social-work-undergraduates-in-scotland/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gscc.org.uk/cmsFiles/Publications/GSCC_Variations_In_The_Progression_Of_SW_Progression_Analysis_09.pdf Unsurprisingly, pupils age is one of the few demographic features that perceptibly changed since the debut of the new grade. This is chiefly attributed to the remotion of the minimal age demand at which pupils were expected to measure up as a societal worker. In the yesteryear, merely one or two per cent of pupils started DipSW programmes before the age of 20 whereas the proportion of pupils in this age group has risen steadily to 14 % ; this is reflected in the decrease in the average age of pupils get downing societal work programmes from 33.6 old ages ( SD 8.5 ) to 30.7 old ages ( SD 9.2 ) . Among new degree pupils, UG and PG pupils have an about indistinguishable average age ( 30.8 for UG pupils vs. 30.1 old ages for PG pupils ) . As can be seen from Chart 3b, pupils making the Social Work Degree tended to be mature, with more than half ( 52 % ) over 30 old ages old. Although the average age of undergraduates and graduate students were similar ( both 32 old ages old ) , the undergraduate grade class consists of a wider scope of ages, immature and old. A fifth ( 19 % ) of undergraduates in our sample were aged 20 or at a lower place, as would be expected no graduate students were under 21. Postgraduate pupils ( 47 % ) were more likely to be in their late 20s than undergraduate pupils ( 28 % ) . Chart 3b Age profile of first twelvemonth societal work pupils hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/10/19140054/00554/Q/Zoom/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2008/11/11/41747/The-Diploma-in-Social-Work-DipSW.htm What are the admittance demands? Mature pupils who are over 21 bashs non ever necessitate formal academic makings, but the choice panels for the DipSW classs will anticipate you to demo your ability to analyze at higher instruction degree, likely by grounds of recent survey or a written trial. It is suggested that you do a part-time or flushing class such as an A Level, advanced GNVQ/GSVQ or NVQ/SVQ Level 3 in attention, the Open University Foundation faculty or an Entree to Social Work class to better your accomplishments and assurance before you apply. Your local farther instruction college will rede you about possibilities. If you have a grade or keep a making which is considered to be tantamount to a grade, you will be eligible to use for a postgraduate class. All graduate student classs require six to 12 months experience in a societal work or societal attention puting. For precise demands, it is ever best to reach the university you are interested in using to, as the standards vary well from topographic point to topographic point. If you are under 21 on the day of the month a DipSW class starts, you must keep either: 2 A Levels and 3 GCSEs ; or 5 base on ballss for the Scots Certificate in Education including 3 at Higher Degree ; or any other educational, professional or vocational makings ( e.g. NVQ/SVQ Level 3, GNVQ/GSVQ Level 3 ) considered by the GSCC to be tantamount. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2009/04/03/111200/Universities-and-employers-use-new-tactics-to-attract-more-people-to-social-care-related.htm Between 1995 and 2003 there was a dip in the figure of people analyzing the old societal work sheepskin. After the societal work grade was launched in 2003 this reversed, but since 2005 the figure of pupils analyzing societal work has fallen once more and now merely 5,000 are on GSCC-approved societal work grade classs in England. hypertext transfer protocol: //swoty.wordpress.com/2010/06/27/the-workforce-crisis-in-social-work-and-its-meaning-for-the-w-a-community/ Age favoritism in wellness and societal attention Unlike employment, there are no Torahs to protect people against age favoritism in wellness and societal attention services. You may experience that you have received hapless quality intervention because of your age, for illustration possibly your GP will non mention you to a adviser. If you are unhappy with your intervention, you should kick to the service concerned. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.informationnow.org.uk/resources/articles/451 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.equalities.gov.uk/pdf/110301 % 20Consultation % 20doc.pdf The position from the British Association of Social Workers Fran McDonnell, societal attention work force development adviser and chair of BASW s acquisition and development commission, writes: Personally, as person who became a trainee at 18 and went on my CQSW class at 20, measure uping at 22, I do nt hold a job with younger people going trainees or pupils on societal work classs. I think what matters is a thorough choice procedure to guarantee appliers are suited and that they have shown involvement and aptitude in working with others: such as whether they have done some voluntary work. It could be damaging to enrolling high quality practicians if there was no calling pathway straight into societal work from school, farther instruction or higher instruction as in instruction and nursing etc. I think it is more of import to hold good pattern instructors and appropriate arrangements and that universities filter out pupils who are non fit to pattern. Appropriate support should enable this to go on. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2009/06/02/111697/carespace-debate-hots-up-over-age-of-social-workers.htm Social workers are besides younger than in the yesteryear, with the proportion under the age of 24 holding doubled in the last five old ages ( 20 % in 2003/04 compared to 39 % in 2007/08 ) . The minimal age, antecedently set at 22, has now been abolished. Social workers in England are now required to hold a Bachelor s grade, but concerns remain about the degree of experience and preparation among those set abouting ambitious work with kids and households. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nuffieldfoundation.org/news/should-social-workers-be-expected- % E2 % 80 % 98do-it-all % E2 % 80 % 99 However, one of the effects of the new grade ( Evaluation of Social Work Degree Qualification in England Team, 2008 ) is an addition in younger alumnuss. This means that we would anticipate to see a somewhat younger age profile among societal workers from informations collected in 2009 when compared with 2006. hypertext transfer protocols: //media.education.gov.uk/MediaFiles/A/8/B/ % 7BA8B62CDE-EF76-4379-9BB5-604DD3F46317 % 7DSWTF % 20Workload % 20Survey % 20 ( concluding ) .pdf pupils are allowed to inscribe one time they are over the age of 18, and this has resulted in a rise in the proportion of pupils aged 18-20 from fewer than 1 % in 2001-2002 to 14 % in 2005-2006 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL A ; _udi=B6WNX-4XKXRJN-1 A ; _user=132444 A ; _coverDate=07 % 2F31 % 2F2010 A ; _rdoc=1 A ; _fmt=high A ; _orig=gateway A ; _origin=gateway A ; _sort=d A ; _docanchor= A ; view=c A ; _searchStrId=1706792304 A ; _rerunOrigin=google A ; _acct=C000011018 A ; _version=1 A ; _urlVersion=0 A ; _userid=132444 A ; md5=7538ded29004839e49cc238d1e6b3d94 A ; searchtype=a .2. There are a scope of entry paths to societal work preparation which allow for mature entrants, re-entrants and those sing a calling alteration. The GSCC s analysis of the composing of the consumption on societal work programmes for 2007-2008 indicates that 24 % of pupils study at Master s degree, 64 % at degree degree. A farther 12 % are sponsored on employment based paths and/or part-time.[ [ ]3 ] Mature pupils continue to do up the bulk of the consumption with pupils over the age of 25 accounting for 61 % of entire consumption. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200809/cmselect/cmchilsch/memo/trainingsocwor/ucm1302.htm The new societal work grade introduced in 2003, which entitles alumnuss to professional enrollment leting them to pattern in the UK, is assisting to alter the traditional profile of a freshly qualified societal worker. Walker says: Social work has attracted late entrants, and while life experience can assist it, is non a requirement to going a societal worker. Because of the degree societal workers are acquiring younger and I think we need a balance of entrants coming into the profession. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guardian.co.uk/society/2007/nov/22/publicsectorcareers.socialcare As an applier for societal work preparation, you need to be prepared to examine, challenge and alter your ain attitudes and biass. You may go involved with the behaviors of persons and households whose ways of populating their lives are really different to yours, and you may even be required to utilize statute law to protect grownups and kids who are vulnerable or at hazard. Datas from the Social Care Register besides reveals that two per cent of registered societal workers are under 24 ; 16 per cent are aged 25-34 ; 25 per cent are 35-44 ; 33 per cent are 45-54 ; and 24 per cent are over 55. despite common consciousness that the aging work force represents a challenge that companies will hold to get the better of ( Armone, 2006 ) , the bulk of companies surveyed ( Armone, 2006 ; Schramm, 2006 ) have yet to take proactive stairss to restrict the negative effects that the aging work force may hold for the future growing of their companies. Give the research which suggests that age is frequently positively associated with public presentation ( e.g. , Arvey, Miller, Gould A ; Burch, 1987 ; Avolio, Waldman, A ; McDaniel, 1990 ; Bass A ; Turner, 1973 ; Cleveland A ; Shore, 1992 ; Nelson, 2002 ) , o Evidence Analysis of informations Include ommisions Dissertation Conclusion Age favoritism is more frequently covert and elusive and is inexplicit in a general deficiency of precedence for older people s services. Discrimination is sometimes hard to divide from other issues around, gender, poorness, ethnicity and the manner in which people with disablements and long term unwellness are treated. when work is designed to advance concerted mutuality, people are more likely to go relationally-focused ( Brickson, 2000 ) , thereby developing personalized apprehensions of one another instead than trusting on the sorts of stereotypes that can trip agism and other prejudiced behaviour. The decision states what you have discovered and what you have concluded from it. You should non be showing new thoughts or new beginnings in the decision. Last Page: Evidence | Next Page: Recommendations The decision summarises the consequences of a thesis and contains the concluding tax write-offs you have made from your research. Your thesis decision should incorporate a concise and clear description of the consequences of the conducted research. The decision should be written after the chief organic structure of the paper has been finished, and the thesis inquiry has been dealt with wholly by you, the author. It does non incorporate any extra or new information or stuff it is a sum-up of what you have found and the chief points you have made. Writing is a alone occupation, unless you re a drinker, in which instance you ever have a friend within range . ( Emilio Estevez ) Writing your thesis decision The chief chapters of your thesis will hold focused on peculiar subjects or issues. For illustration, each chapter may hold focused treatment on a peculiar text. Alternatively, you may hold structured your work so that each chapter is devoted to treatment of a peculiar facet of your overall subject. The decision offers the chance to reexamine your work as a whole, to place the points of comparing and contrast the assorted texts you have examined, and to demo that, in the procedure of your survey, you have developed a more precise, critical apprehension of the manner they deal with your subject. This is besides an appropriate topographic point for you to indicate to the restrictions of small-scale research of this sort and to bespeak possible avenues for research workers to turn to the issues in the hereafter. Remember the decision DOES NOT incorporate new issues non explored elsewhere or new stuff. It is at that place to reason and pull together what you have discovered, non to add to it. Would hold been good to hold a ocular information aggregation which could hold ben achieved via observation/interviews. Dissertation Recommendations Your thesis recommendations should emerge from the decision, suggest what is to be done, who is to make it and how/when it is to be done, and be justified based on findings, non merely the sentiment of the author. Last Page: Decision | Next Page: Referencing Often the recommendations from thesiss get translated into action programs to cut down the load of sightlessness in their communities ( Community Eye Health Journal, London ) . Recommendations cover two cardinal facets. They may propose action which could be taken right now in relation to a peculiar issue or subject. In add-on, or instead, they may propose that farther research and work is necessary to be able to take appropriate action. Research frequently exposes farther jobs and introduces more inquiries. As a pupil, there is a clip bound to your research undertaking, so it is improbable that your work would hold solved all the jobs associated with the country of survey. Therefore, you will be expected to do suggestions about how your work can be improved and, based on your findings, whether there are countries that deserve farther probe. What you write in this subdivision will demo whether you have a steadfast grasp of your work, and whether you have given sufficient idea to its deductions, non merely within the narrow confines of the research subject, but to related Fieldss. These reflect your ability for original idea, and your possible to transport out original research ; cardinal issues in a research grade. In the instance of a high degree thesis, such as at PhD degree particularly, where you are expected to be the expert, it would be more than abashing if an assessor can do more suggestions about how your wo rk can be progressed. This is non a novel to be tossed aside lightly. It should be thrown with great force. ( Dorothy Parker ) Key recommendations contents: Remedial action to work out the job. Further research to make full in spreads in our understanding.A Directions for future probes on this or related subjects. Principles of anti-ageist pattern Good pattern in work with older people is inherently anti-ageist. Unfortunately, ageist attitudes and policies, unequal resources and deficiency of staff preparation in the demands of older people all conspire to take down the quality of pattern. Are there rules that should inform an anti-ageist pattern with older people? Think about the undermentioned cardinal words: Value and esteem Listening Seeking information The older individual s voice Choice Inter-depenency Priortion of service Principles of anti-ageist pattern Suggested reply We would propose the followers: Value and esteem the single older individual as the grownup he or she is. For illustration, do non take down with names like dear or utilizing first names without permission and regard privateness. Listen and seek to understand what the older individual wants. Seek information, without being intrusive, about the individual s life: household history, work, involvements etc. as this can assist with 2 above and can besides help in organizing a relationship. Ensure that the older individual s voice is heard, if necessary through an advocator. Offer pick. Promote inter-dependency. Independence may be a hard end for some older people, but inter-dependency i.e. being able to give emotional support, for illustration, in return for support given may be a more realistic purpose. Prioritizing services for the most deprived older people such as those with terrible mental wellness jobs and those in poorness for illustration, many older adult females and black and Asiatic older people. Bytheway, B. ( 1995 ) Ageism, Buckingham, Open University Press Bytheway, B. and Johnson, J. ( 1990 ) On specifying agism , Critical Social Policy, 27, pp.27-39. Levenson, R. ( 2003 ) Auditing Age Discrimination: A Practical Approach to Promoting Age Equality in Health and Social Care, London, King s Fund Ray, S. , Sharp, E. and Abrams, D. ( 2006 ) Ageism: a benchmark of public attitudes in Britain, London, Age Concern England Roberts, E. , Robinson, J. and Seymour, L. ( 2002 ) Old Habits Die Hard: Tackling age favoritism in wellness and societal attention, London, Kings Fund Robinson, B ( 1994 ) Ageism, Appendix B, hypertext transfer protocol: //ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~aging/ModuleAgeism.html Avery, D. R. , McKay, P. F. , A ; Wilson, D. C. ( 2007 ) . Prosecuting the aging work force: The relationship between perceived age similarity, satisfaction with coworkers, and employee battle. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1542-1556. Avolio, B. J. , Waldman, D. A. , A ; McDaniel, M. A. ( 1990 ) . Age and work public presentation in nonmanagerial occupations: The effects of experience and occupational type. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 407-422. Celejewski, I. , A ; Dion, K. K. ( 1998 ) . Self-perception and perceptual experience of age groups as a map of the percipient s class rank. International Journal of Aging A ; Human Development, 47, 205-216. Finkelstein, L. M. , A ; Burke, M. J. ( 1998 ) . Age pigeonholing at work: The function of rater and contextual factors on ratings of occupation appliers. Journal of General Psychology, 125, 317-345. Kite, M. E. , A ; Johnson, B. T. ( 1988 ) . Attitudes toward older and younger grownups: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 3, 233-244. Kite, M. E. , Stockdale, G. D. , Whitley, B. E. , A ; Johnson, B. T. ( 2005 ) . Attitudes toward younger and older grownups: An updated meta-analytic reappraisal. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 241-266.

Aileen Hernandez - Feminist Civil Rights Activist

Aileen Hernandez - Feminist Civil Rights Activist Aileen Hernandez was a lifelong activist for civil rights and women’s rights. She was one of the founding officers of the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966. Dates:  May 23, 1926 – February 13, 2017 Personal Roots Aileen Clarke Hernandez, whose parents were Jamaican, was raised in Brooklyn, New York. Her mother, Ethel Louise Hall Clarke, was a homemaker who worked as a seamstress and traded domestic work for physicians services. Her father, Charles Henry Clarke Sr., was a brushmaker. School experiences taught her that she was supposed to be nice and submissive, and she early determined not to submit. Aileen Clarke studied political science and sociology at Howard University in Washington D.C., graduating in 1947. It was there she began to work as an activist to fight against racism and sexism, working with the NAACP and in politics. She later moved to California and received a master’s degree from California State University at Los Angeles. She has traveled widely in the course of her work for human rights and liberty. Equal Opportunities During the 1960s, Aileen Hernandez was the only woman appointed by President Lyndon Johnson to the government’s Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). She resigned from the EEOC because of frustration with the agency’s inability or refusal to actually enforce laws against sex discrimination. She started her own consulting firm, which works with government, corporate, and nonprofit organizations. Working with NOW While womens equality was getting more government attention, activists discussed the need for a private women’s rights organization. In 1966, a group of pioneering feminists founded NOW. Aileen Hernandez was elected NOW’s first Executive Vice-President. In 1970, she became the second national president of NOW, after Betty Friedan. While Aileen Hernandez led the organization, NOW worked on behalf of women in the workplace to gain equal pay and better handling of discrimination complaints. NOW activists demonstrated in several states, threatened to sue the U.S. Secretary of Labor and organized the Women’s Strike for Equality. When the president of NOW endorsed a candidate slate in 1979 which did not include any people of color in major positions, Hernandez broke with the organization, writing an open letter to feminists to express her critique of the organization for putting such priority on issues like the Equal Rights Amendment that issues of race and class were ignored. I have become increasingly distressed by the growing alienation of minority women who have joined feminist organizations like NOW. They are truly the women in the middle, isolated within their minority communities because of their espousal of the feminist cause and isolated in the feminist movement because they insist on attention to issues which impact heavily on minorities. Other Organizations Aileen Hernandez was  a leader on multiple political issues, including housing, the environment, labor, education and  health care. She co-founded Black Women Organized for Action in 1973. She has also worked with Black Women Stirring the Waters,  the California Women’s Agenda, the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union and the California Division of Fair Employment Practices.  Ã‚   Aileen Hernandez won multiple awards for her humanitarian efforts. In 2005, she was part of a group of 1,000 women nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Hernandez died in February 2017.

From a decision making point of view, why are some costs relevant and Essay

From a decision making point of view, why are some costs relevant and others irrelevant Give a detailed example of each - Essay Example Overlooking the irrelevant data in the assessment process moreover would greatly benefit the company in saving time and effort (Averkamp 2012, p.1). For relevant costs, a company could for example be deciding whether to remove a product line or not. This product line could be accounting for about 4% of this firm’s activities. If the company eliminates this product line, the corporation officers will continuously receive similar salaries as before such that the expenses for the central office will not change. Product line managers plus others staffs working directly with this product line however will receive a termination thus eliminating their salaries. According to Averkamp (2012, p.1), such eliminated salaries for individuals who worked directly with the direct line will be relevant in the decision-making process. If the salaries were $700000 when the product line was operational and $0 in its absence, the $700000 savings is therefore relevant (i.e. relevant cost). Considering this same product line scenario, salaries linked to the officers are not relevant for decision-making. This means that whether the salaries amounts to $500,000 or $5, 000,000, they will remain irrelevant. The salaries will be similar in the presence or absence of the product line. Averkamp (2012, p.1) noted that a decision-maker will need not know the expenses of the central office because they will be constant in the presence or absence of the product line. Previous year’s expenses will similarly remain

The Influence of My Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Influence of My Life - Essay Example The person who has had the greatest influence on my life is my Mother. She has been a constant motivating force, always challenging me in a loving way to reach higher, and to love and honor myself. She has taught me the importance of education and the joy that cultivating a passion for reading can bring to my life. My mother has frequently stressed over the years the importance of setting personal goals for myself. My parents divorced when I was a toddler, leaving her a single parent. I watched as she struggled to care for me and learned from her unwavering dedication to raising me well. As tired as she was from her long or stressful days, she never once neglected to check my homework, nor did she miss an opportunity to help me learn a lesson. My two favorite memories from childhood are of dinnertime and bedtime. During dinnertime we would rehash our day, and my mother would offer me praise and encouragement for my accomplishments, or would challenge me and offer direction when I had come up short in some way. At bedtime we would select a book to read and we would lose ourselves together in its pages. My grandmother has also motivated me throughout my life. She, more than anyone else, has been the source of my strength. My grandma took my love of history and used it as a tool to mold, teach and direct me through life, which helped me become the person I am today.

Japanese tariff on imported rice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Japanese tariff on imported rice - Research Paper Example These policies were modified sequentially thereafter until early 1980s when, as a result of pressure from Trading partners such as US made them open up rice borders. For instance, California rice producers in 1986 filed a petition to the government of United States under section 301 of the constitution that the policies of Japan were detrimental to the industry. During this time, Japan was imposing a subsidy of up to $2,200 per metric ton to domestic producers in Japan. As a result, the subsidies were about 10 times the World prices (Bergsten, Fred, Itō, & Noland, 2001). A tariff is a levied tax on the imports that raise effectively the cost of the goods imported in relation to the domestic products. Some specific tariffs are imposed as a charge that is fixed for very unit of imported good. In tariffs, there are entities that lose and those that gains. In more general terms, the state in most cases increases significantly since tariffs increases the revenue of the state. In addition, domestic producers gain since the tariff offers them protection against external competitors by cost increase of the foreign goods imported. As a result, consumer loses since they must pay extra for the imports. Thus, tariffs are anti-consumer and pro-producer, and they reduce the global efficiency of the economy (Bergsten, Fred, Itō, & Noland, 2001). As part of the policy introduced by the government, imports on rice have been banned by the government in Japan except the processed forms. In the same regard, disproportionate governing authority wielded by rice farmer’s production of rice has been subsidized. Trade friction between US and Japan has worsened. Tokyo logical basis on imposing such policies is to attain self-sufficiency in the production for food security reasons. In the same vein, farm groups domestically have maintained that cultivation of rice is part of their cultural diversity. Hayami (1988) argued that consumers of rice

The implementation of electronic health record

The implementation of electronic health record Only 4 percent of U.S. doctors are using an electronic medical record system (EHR) because of a diverse range of barriers and perceptions involved with implementing an EHR system. The health care portion of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) called Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health or HITECH promotes the Meaningful Use of information technology in the form of EHR systems for every American by 2014 (Hoffman, 2009). Just having an EHR system is not enough; meaningful use means the system must improve the quality, efficiency, security, access, and communication in the delivery of health care among other functions. The United States government has provided $17 billion in available incentives to assist physicians and health care facilities implement certified EHR systems that meet Federal qualifications by the year 2014 (Blumenthal, 2009). This important health care issue affects everyone in this country because of the nature of private health i nformation. The U.S. government mandate for the implementation of electronic health records presents a wide variety of issues for and responses by physicians who want to retain their diversity relating to the way they practice medicine, while meeting the Meaningful Use requirements that will positively affect their investment and efficiency. Meaningful use depends on interoperability, which means that physicians systems will be able to communicate with each other for information exchange. Currently some physicians may have systems that are interoperable, but some may have invested in software that does not provide that function. Numerous vendors often market more than one type of system. Currently, estimates of physicians using a complete, fully functional EHR system are only at four percent (DesRoches, et al., 2008). This leaves the majority in need of researching software systems, purchasing, and implementing an EHR system to meet the Meaningful Use requirements. The practice of medicine is a highly individualized field where every physician has their own ways to provide for their patients. A general practitioner will have different software needs than a surgeon or obstetrician. An issue the physicians have to address is that they have to choose a certified EHR system that will provide the functions they need for their particular practice of medicine. Many physicians are starting with a basic system and customizing it to fit their practice needs (Baron, et al, 2005). HITECH will need to certify systems that provide functions that the physicians require with enough flexibility to meet the diverse needs of every type of practice. Some EHR systems are designed for primary care practices or large hospitals and may not meet the needs of a specialist. Physicians will have to choose a certified system that will have the required functions as well as those his practice will require. Whichever system a physician chooses will require training in order to benefit from the functions the software can provide. A basic knowledge of computer use is a skill many physicians do not even have. In fact, some physicians have technophobia when it comes to computers in their practice (Hayes, 2009). Statistics have shown that younger physicians are more apt to have a positive outlook on the EHR systems. Younger physicians also appear to have earlier adoption of an EHR system because of their prior exposure to computers. In-depth training to learn the functions and processes of the system are necessary to prevent severe disruptions in the workflow of the office. Many offices will train a few employees to be Super Users to be a resource for others in the office who have had less training. Super Users will be able to adjust the work processes when needed. Some physicians offices close for a period of days to bring the system online and prepare the office for going live. The diversi ty in computer abilities and comfort levels will affect the complexity, price, and amount of training required for each physician and his office staff for the chosen system. Cost is the biggest issue in the adoption of EHR systems. Cost estimates are between $12,000 and $24,000 to implement a fully functional EHR system (Baron, 2005). The equipment, software, training and one year of support can cost $140,000 or more (Baron, 2005). The HITECH incentives will cover some, but not all the cost of the conversion from paper to electronic records. Incentive payments can total $18,000 in the first year, for physicians implementing in 2011 and 2012 and will continue for 5 years at reducing amounts. The available incentive amounts will decline each year and end completely in 2016. In other words, physicians who adopt in 2011 could collect $44,000 over the five-year period while physicians who adopt in 2013 would receive $27,000 in incentive payments over 3 years (Blumenthal, 2009). The incentives will provide more funding for physicians that implement early. Surveys indicate that the incentives are a facilitator for approximately 55 percent of physicians who see the incentives as a reason to make the transition now, and receive maximum financial benefit (Blumenthal, 2009). The diversity in size of practices will affect how the physicians perceive capital costs. Due to the diversity in the types and ways physicians practice, issues that need to be considered and addressed, and the many solutions available, physicians attitudes and opinions on EHRs and Meaningful Use vary from very enthusiastic to resentful and wary. Studies have shown that physicians who have already adopted an EHR system are generally satisfied with their system and the benefits it provides. However, although the physicians will be the ones assuming approximately 89 percent of the cost of the system, they will not receive much of a return on their investment (Hoffman, 2009). The insurance companies will save money on reduced testing, streamlined billing, and overall efficiency. The government will save money on the same things as well as have a medium for monitoring fraud. Physicians will save some money on record storage, employee salaries previously paid for filing and transcribing records, and paper office supplies, but in comparison to the cost of the system, savings ar e minimal. Physician concern over return on investment is 50 percent for physicians who do not have an electronic system but only 33 percent for physicians who are already using an electronic system (DesRoches, 2008). The results may reflect Medicare and Medicaid patient numbers, size of the physician practice or perhaps the diverse perceptions physicians have over the dollar value versus the benefits to their actual income. Seemingly, the biggest numbers of implementers are the larger practices who are often better able to absorb the large investment than a small practice or single physician office. Statistics show that large primary care practices are more apt to implement EHR systems than other types of practices. These large group practices of fifty or more physicians were four times more likely to have a fully functional system than with physicians in practices of three or less physicians (DesRoches, 2008). The increased cash flow from a large practice makes the large capital expense less detrimental to the practice. This diversity in the size of physician practices is a significant basis for EHR implementation. EHR implementation itself will not provide for full Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement. In order for a physician to receive full reimbursement from Medicare and Medicaid, an EHR system must meet the Meaningful Use requirements. Physicians who do not have an EHR system that meets the meaningful use requirements will see penalties in the form of reduced Medicare payments. The reduction of payments will start at one percent in 2015, increase to two percent in 2016, and increase again to three percent in 2017 (Blumenthal, 2009). Physicians with large amounts of Medicare and Medicaid patients will have a significant reason to implement a system that meets the Meaningful Use guidelines. This issue will not affect all physician practices and some physicians do not feel it is a significant impediment to their practice income to warrant the large expense involved with implementing an EHR system. The diversity in the types of patients a physician or practice routinely cares for will have an e ffect on their financial return and willingness to implement an EHR system. For those who may not see a financial return there are many other benefits to adopting an EHR system for patients, insurance companies, and the government, and to some degree physicians. One benefit for physicians is a more efficient and streamlined insurance claims process, which will aid in cash flow. Physicians will also be better able to provide for their patients because the patient record will be able to go where the patient goes, including to hospitals and specialists, resulting in better coordination of the patients care. The EHR will provide a reduction in clinical errors because of the ability of the EHR to provide clinical decision support and monitor medication dosing and contraindications, and allergies. However, a group of physicians feel that this is questioning their judgment and do not want the interference in the way they practice medicine. Of physicians who are using a fully functional EHR system 86 percent appreciate the avoidance of medication error function that their system provides. The diversity in the physicians response to clinical decision support may be due to age of the physician, the number of years he or she has been in practice or any number of reasons including the personality of the physician. Along with those benefits, there is disruption of the office workflow. This is a significant cause for physician concern (DesRoches, 2009). The learning curve for an EHR system slows down all the processes in the office. Some physicians are better able to deal with the chaos that ensues while converting to an electronic system. Everyone within the practice has to relearn his or her job processes. All the office procedures of the practice have to be redesigned to work with the EHR system and the practice requirements. There is a period even after implementation of changes and adjustments that must be made to customize the system to the practice. Physician practices have reduced their patient load as much as fifty percent during implementation to try to reduce the waiting time for patients (Braon, et al., 2005). This essentially means a reduction in revenues until everyone can perform their jobs smoothly and handle the normal patient load again. Estimates are anywhere from four to six months before normal patient load is fully resumed. Physicians have reported losing patients because the wait time to see the physician was too long during the early stages of implementation (Baron, 2005). This is a major barrier for 41 percent of physicians in making the switch to electronic records (DesRoches, 2008). Physicians are very busy by nature and a slowdown in the office creates a diverse level of frustration that has caused some physicians to put off implementation or even to reverse the work already done in adopting an EHR system and return to their paper system. Those who do make the switch from paper to electronic records will have to consider HIPAA requirements for security of an EHR system. EHR systems require the secure storage of EHRs, which contain patients private health information and interoperability requires secure access to patient EHRs. Some physicians will choose to be on an encrypted network to share information with their local hospital, laboratories, and other health care providers. A verification process will be required to allow authorized physicians access to patients private health information and to deny access to unauthorized persons. Security of patient records is a concern for many physicians. Some physicians feel this is something that needs more regulation before they will expose their patients to the risk of a breach. The diversity in the EHR systems in operation now creates issues for secured patient PHI with system interoperability. With all the diversity involved in implementing an EHR system, physicians perceive the challenges of the U.S. government mandate for the implementation of electronic health records in different ways. Some feel there are too many barriers to address before implementation of an EHR and others feel the benefits outweigh the barriers. There are as many opinions on the issues of switching to an EHR system as there are physicians themselves. Addressing issues such as cost, security, training without a major loss in cash flow, which stems from disruption to the workflow of the office, will all stress the doctor patient relationship at least for a time. This is important because it will effect how and when the physicians adopt and use the nationwide system. The diversity in the way physicians practice medicine is individualized and the approved EHR systems will have to be flexible enough to allow for that individuality. The one thing all physicians want is to practice medicine they way they always have and meet the required mandate for Meaningful Use so they may recoup some of their investment. References Baron, R. J., Fabens, E. L., Schiffman, M., Wolf, E. (2005, August 2). Electronic health records: Just around the corner? Or over the cliff? Annals of Internal Medicine, 143(3), 222-226. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=17875478site= ehost-live This article is written by physicians in a 4-internist practice describing the processes involved with converting from traditional paper medical records to electronic medical records. Baron and colleagues address the problems and issues involved, and how they worked through them. Some topics of interest include both planned and unexpected finances, training, workflow and accommodations and the overall office environment. The article describes the realized benefits and lacking areas of standardization and interoperability. I chose this source for its overall description of actual process of implementing an electronic records system. This article also addresses computer skills and requirements. Blumenthal, D. (2009, April 9). Stimulating the adoption of health information technology. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(15), 1477-1479. doi:10.1056/ This article describes the portions of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) that pertains to health information technology. The article addresses barriers physicians have for implementing the mandated electronic medical record. Financial issues including incentives, costs and financial penalties are of adopting the mandate are covered. Other areas to promote and ease the transition, such as support systems, state and regional medical information exchanges, education initiatives, and extended HIPAA guidelines with regard to electronic records and transmissions are included in this article. This article explains the incentives for implementing the electronic records system. I chose this article to explain the diversity involved in the governments promotion for adopting an electronic health record system. DesRoches, C. M., Campbell, E. G., Rao, S. R., Karen, D., Timothy, F. G., Jha, A., . . . Blumenthal, D. (2008, July 3). Electronic records in ambulatory care: A national survey of physicians. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(1), 50-60. doi:10.1056/ This article is a summary of statistics and results compiled from a survey of physicians in the US regarding the adoption of electronic health records. Documented in the survey are physician statistics and opinions in areas of usage, implementation, and satisfaction with the electronic health record systems. Issues addressed are quality of care, age groups of physicians who have adopted an electronic system and size of practices more apt to adopt electronic health records. The positive effects on practice processes, barriers that hinder adoption of electronic health records, incentives for and reservations with switching to electronic health records are included in the survey. I chose this source because it provides actual statistics of the usage of electronic health record systems as well as the diversity in physicians perceptions of the process, the systems, the benefits, and problems associated with compliance. Hayes, F. (2009, February 2). No Rx for ROI. Computer World, 43(5), 40. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=36487540site=ehost-live In this article, the senior news columnist addresses the issue of return on investment (ROI) for the adoption of electronic health records. The definition of ROI is given and how it applies to aspects of electronic health record adoption for physicians and hospitals is examined. Risks to, benefits of, and improvements needed regarding electronic health records are noted. The author confirms that those assuming the expenses for electronic health records will not be the ones reaping the benefits. I chose this article because it covers reflects my opinion one of the most important reasons for physician resistance to implementing the government mandated electronic health record system. Hoffmann, L. (2009, November). Implementing electronic medical records. Communications of the ACM, 52(11), 18-20. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/.aspx?direct=truedb=a9hAN=45021143site=ehost-live In this article, a basic history of George W. Bushs goals for every American to have an electronic health record is presented along with the progress of the government in making those goals real. Usage of electronic records is briefly mentioned. The article focuses on some major barriers and concerns of physicians for implementation and usage. The article also addresses some of the positive aspects for electronic health records. I chose this article because it provides concise overall answers to who, what, when, where, and why answers to the implementation of the electronic health record and health information technology.